汉语疑问词原位和异位的无择约束统一阐释

以往的多数学者都把汉语看成纯疑问词原位语言,并主要从隐性移动或其他非移动理论如无择约束对其进行研究,似乎没有意识到汉语中疑问词前置现象的存在。Pan(2014)第一次比较全面探讨了汉语异位疑问短语的种类,并将其分为四类。这样,如何将汉语疑问代词的原位和前置现象进行统一阐释就成为悬而未决的问题。结合俄语和波兰语中存在Wh疑问词前置到CP之下的不完全移动现象(Stepanov&Tsai2008),文章提出广义疑问词短语原位以及广义无择约束的概念,并从广义无择约束的角度对多种汉语异位疑问词短语句进行了CP分裂左缘结构分析,从而为汉语疑问词移位及原位的统一阐释提供了可能。

汉语疑问词短语原位和异位的广义无择约束阐释

在主流生成语法领域,汉语被视为最典型的疑问词原位语言,对其研究主要从隐性移动或无择约束展开,似乎并没有意识到它与英语等语言一样也存在疑问词前置或异位现象。Pan(2014)第一次较全面地探讨了汉语疑问代词短语异位的现象,并将其划为四类,即移位生成的话题和焦点及原位生成的话题和焦点。这样,如何将汉语疑问代词的原位和前置现象进行统一的句法阐释就成为悬而未决的问题.本文结合多种斯拉夫语中也存在疑问词前置到标句词之下的不完全移动现象,提出了广义疑问词短语原位和广义无择约束的概念,并发展出了其在CP分裂视野下的理论框架;在此框架内,本文对Pan(2014)提出的四种汉语异位疑问词句进行了成功的广义无择约束诠释。

管住舌头

人的五官四肢之中,要算舌头最顽皮。明鉴于此,翻翻一些名人书文,便会发现不少古今中外的哲人大家写下了不少管住舌头的警世恒言、醒人箴语。＂你的舌头就像一匹快马。它奔得太快,会把力气也奔完了。＂这是莎士比亚谆谆的告诫。＂能管住自己的舌头是最好的美德。＂印度古代哲学家白得巴＂上纲上线＂到这个高度。而翻翻我国古代的《家书》,发现作者干脆来了个＂一分为二＂,曰：＂君子以言行,小人以舌行。＂读着这些启迪性的哲语睿言,不免豁然感到：管住舌头何其重要!

郭象思想中的养生之“德”

郭象以“中庸之德”为养生全性之宗旨,把庄子“缘督以为经”的养生思想和孔子以“中庸”为“至德”的思想联系起来。郭象所谓“中庸之德”是针对“性分”而言,心与身相对?不以“择善”为“德”,在郭象看来,以身殉仁或贪生害仁皆非任天命之自当,养生之本在于内保其“德”,内心“知足”“常适”则福应其身。

Heuristic feature selection method for clustering

In order to enable clustering to be done under a lower dimension, a new feature selection method for clustering is proposed. This method has three steps which are all carried out in a wrapper framework. First, all the original features are ranked according to their importance. An evaluation function E（f） used to evaluate the importance of a feature is introduced. Secondly, the set of important features is selected sequentially. Finally, the possible redundant features are removed from the important feature subset. Because the features are selected sequentially, it is not necessary to search through the large feature subset space, thus the efficiency can be improved. Experimental results show that the set of important features for clustering can be found and those unimportant features or features that may hinder the clustering task will be discarded by this method.

宝宁寺志叙

禅分五叶,其茎二也。南岳、江西,既两相峙立,抑互相印契,交错以纬之。五茎二,二茎一也。禅无择人,况有择地而必于此二茎之间敷而为叶?此亦有说。印度之支,东及沧海者,幼枝蔓垂。自岷山之南,南经(?)柯至盘江之夹,剖而为二:其北条,

Generating Marker-Free Transgenic Tobacco Plants by Agrobacteriummediated Transformation with Double T-DNA Binary Vector

We have developed a 'double T-DNA' binary vector system for generating selectable marker-free transgenic plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The 'double T-DNA' binary vector pDLBRBbarm which carried two independent T-DNAs, one containing a selectable marker neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene and the other a bargene, was constructed. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants were then produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with this vector. Frequency of the primary transformants co-integrated with npt II gene and bar gene was 59.2%. Segregation of two T-DNA regions was found in 3 out of 4 T-1 lines from co-transformed T-0 plants with nptII and bar PPT-resistant and kanamycin-sensitive plants were in approximate 19.5% of the T-1 plants. The result indicated that this 'double T-DNA' vector system could be a workable approach to generate transgenic plants free from selectable marker genes. Co-transformation of nptII gene and bar gene to plants with mixtures of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains containing single T-DNA vectors was also tested. Frequency of co-transformed plants was 20.0%-47.7% and relatively low as compared with that of 'double T-DNA' vector system.

构建乡镇义务教育优质均衡发展模式

实施背景近年来,大冶市实施"因地制宜,有计划、有步骤地实现区域内义务教育均衡发展"的策略,推进乡镇义务教育优质均衡发展。还地桥镇率先构建乡镇义务教育优质化均衡发展模式,实现"无择校生、无流失生、无重点班"的目标和教育质量的优质均衡。创新内容优化教育环境,促进办学条件的优质均衡。还地桥镇政府坚持把教育作为每年最重要的实事来办,坚持"教育政策优先落实,教育经费优先拨付,教育问题优先解决"的"三优"政策。

CoMP-transmission-based energy-efficient scheme selection algorithm for LTE-A systems

In order to achieve higher system energy efficiency （EE）,a new coordinated multipoint （CoMP）-transmission-based scheme selection energy saving （CTSES）algorithm is proposed for downlink homogeneous cellular networks.The problem is formulated as an optimization of maximizing system EE,under the constraints of the data rate requirement and the maximum transmit power.The problem is decomposed into power allocation and alternative scheme selection problems.Optimal power allocation is calculated for CoMP-JT （joint transmission）and CoMP-CS （coordinated scheduling） transmissions,and the scheme with higher EE is chosen. Since the optimal problem is a nonlinear fractional optimization problem for both CoMP transmission schemes, the problem is transformed into an equivalent problem using the parametric method. The optimal transmit power and optimal EE are obtained by an iteration algorithm in CoMP-JT and CoMP-CS schemes.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm offers obvious energy-saving potential and outperforms the fixed CoMP transmission scheme.Under the condition of the same maximum transmit power limit,the empirical regularity of user distribution for scheme choice is presented, and using this regularity, the computational complexity can be reduced.

POWER CONTROL BASED COOPERATIVE OPPORTUNISTIC ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

This paper proposes an approach called PC-CORP (Power Control based Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol) for WSN (Wireless Sensor Networks), providing robustness to the random variations in network connectivity while ensuring better data forwarding efficiency in an energy efficient manner. Based on the realistic radio model, we combine the region-based routing, rendezvous scheme, sleep discipline and cooperative communication together to model data forwarding by cross layer design in WSN. At the same time, a lightweight transmission power control algorithm called PC-AIMD (Power Control Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease) is introduced to utilize the co- operation of relay nodes to improve the forwarding efficiency performance and increase the robustness of the routing protocol. In the simulation, the performance of PC-COPR is investigated in terms of the adaptation of variations in network connectivity and satisfying the QoS requirements of application.

Dynamic Target Wireless Network Selection Technique Using Fuzzy Linguistic Variables

Even though various wireless Net- work Access Technologies （NATs） with dif- ferent specifications and applications have been developed in the recent years, no single wireless technology alone can satisfy the any- time, anywhere, and any service wire- less-access needs of mobile users. A real seamless wireless mobile environment is only realized by considering vertical and horizontal handoffs together. One of the major design issues in heterogeneous wireless networks is the support of Vertical Handoff （VHO）. VHO occurs when a multi-interface enabled mobile terminal changes its Point of Attachment （PoA） from one type of wireless access technology to another, while maintaining an active session. In this paper we present a novel multi-criteria VHO algorithm, which chooses the target NAT based on several factors such as user preferences, system parameters, and traf- tic-types with varying Quality of Service （QoS） requirements. Two modules i.e., VHO Neces- sity Estimation （VHONE） module and target NAT selection module, are designed. Both modules utilize several ＂weighted＂ users＇ and system＇s parameters. To improve the robust- ness of the proposed algorithm, the weighting system is designed based on the concept of fuzzy linguistic variables.

Solvent-free selective oxidation of cyclohexane with molecular oxygen over manganese oxides:Effect of the calcination temperature

The effects of calcination temperature on the physicochemical properties of manganese oxide catalysts prepared by a precipitation method were assessed by X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,H2 temperature-programmed reduction,O2 temperature-programmed desorption,and thermogravimetry-differential analysis.The catalytic performance of each of these materials during the selective oxidation of cyclohexane with oxygen in a solvent-free system was subsequently examined.It was found that the MnOx-500 catalyst,calcined at 500 °C,consisted of a Mn2O3 phase in addition to Mn5O8 and Mn3O4 phases and possessed a low surface area.Unlike MnOx-500,the MnOx-400 catalyst prepared at 400 °C was composed solely of Mn3O4 and Mn5O8 and had a higher surface area.The pronounced catalytic activity of this latter material for the oxidation of cyclohexene was determined to result from numerous factors,including a higher concentration of surface adsorbed oxygen,greater quantities of the surface Mn4＋ ions that promote oxygen mobility and the extent of O2 adsorption and reducibility on the catalyst.The effects of various reaction conditions on the activity of the MnOx-400 during the oxidation of cyclohexane were also evaluated,such as the reaction temperature,reaction time,and initial oxygen pressure.Following a 4 h reaction at an initial O2 pressure of 0.5 MPa and 140 °C,an 8.0% cyclohexane conversion and 5.0% yield of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone were achieved over the MnOx-400 catalyst.In contrast,employing MnOx-500 resulted in a 6.1% conversion of cyclohexane and 75% selectivity for cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.After being recycled through 10 replicate uses,the catalytic activity of the MnOx-400 catalyst was unchanged,demonstrating its good stability.

Complexity-reduced ICI cancellation for OFDM system over doubly-selective channels

In doubly-selective fading wireless channel, the conventional orthogonal frequency division multi-plexing （OFDM） receivers for inter-cartier interference （ICI） compensation require extensive computations. To obtain an effective balance between performance and complexity, the whole channel response matrix was decomposed into a sequence of submatrix, and then a novel equalizer based on minimum mean square error （MMSE） criterion was presented to combat the ICI. Furthermore, a simple ordering-based decision-feedback equalizer （DFE） Was derived to exploit the temperal diversity gain offered by mobile channels. Numerical studies illustrate that although the MMSE equalizer still suffers from error floor, whereas the DICE equalizer exhibits significant performance improvement. The advantage of the proposed scheme indicates its potential applications in the future broadband wireless systems.

On Channel Assignment for Multicast in Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks:A Survey

The major challenge faced by wireless mesh networks is the capacity reduction caused by interference,and interference can be reduced or even eliminated through appropriate channel assignment.This article presents a comprehensive survey of channel assignment schemes for multicast in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks.We analyze the state-of-the-art channel assignment schemes for multicast and provide comprehensive taxonomy of the latest work.In general,we classify the channel assignment schemes for multicast into two types,that is,sequential multicast routing and channel assignment(SMRCA)and joint multicast routing and channel assignment(JMRCA).Detailed review of channel assignment schemes in each category is provided.Possible future research directions and corresponding solutions are also explored to motivate research interests in the field of channel assignment for multicast in wireless mesh networks.

Simultaneous hydrogen production with the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by a noble‐metal‐free photocatalyst VC/CdS nanowires

In this work we used CdS NWs(nanowires)with vanadium carbide(VC)attached via facile electrostatic self‐assembly and calcination method.The results showed that compared to pristine CdS NWs,the photocatalytic activity of CdS NWs loaded with the particular amount of VC was dramatically enhanced.Among them,the VC/CS‐15 indicated the highest enhancement for simultaneous production of H2 with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol(BO)into benzaldehyde(BD).The highest hydrogen evolution rate of 20.5 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)was obtained with more than 99%selectivity for BD production under visible light(λ˃420 nm)irradiation for 2 h,which was almost 661 times higher than the pristine CdS NWs.This enhancement of photocatalytic activity is due to the VC,which provides a favorable attraction for BO by lowering the zeta potential,along with the active site for hydrogen production,and retard the recombination of electron‐hole pairs by increasing the conductivity of the photocatalyst.Moreover,the apparent quantum efficiency(AQE)of VC/CS‐15 for BD and H_(2)production at monochromatic 420 nm is about 7.5%.At the end of the hydrogen evolution test,the selective oxidation with more than 99%selectivity was obtained.It hopes this work will prove its future significance and move scientific community toward a more economical way for achieving the commercialization of H_(2) by photocatalysis.

Chemical deactivation of Cu-SAPO-18 deNO_x catalyst caused by basic inorganic contaminants in diesel exhaust

Contaminants(K,Na,Ca,and Mg)were introduced into Cu-SAPO-18 via incipient wetness impregnation to investigate their effect on the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3(NH3-SCR)over Cu-SAPO-18.After the introduction of contaminants into Cu-SAPO-18,the quantity of acidic sites and Cu^2+ species in catalyst decreases owing to the replacement of H^+ and Cu^2+ by K^+,Na^+,Ca^2+,and Mg^2+.Furthermore,the loss of isolated Cu^2+ induces the generation of CuO and CuAl2O4-like phases,which causes further loss in the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of the catalyst.Consequently,the deNOx performance of the contaminated Cu-SAPO-18 catalysts drops.Such decline in NH3-SCR performance becomes more pronounced by increasing the contaminant contents from 0.5 to 1.0 mmol/gcatal.In addition,the deactivation influence of the contaminants on Cu-SAPO-18 is presented in the order of K>Na>Ca>Mg,which is consistent with the order of reduction of acidic sites.To a certain degree,the effect of the acidic sites on the deactivation of Cu-SAPO-18 might be more significant than that of isolated Cu2+ and the catalyst framework.Moreover,kinetic analysis of NH3-SCR was conducted,and the results indicate that there is no influence of contaminants on the NH3-SCR mechanism.

A dynamic programming algorithm for network selection in 3G/WLAN

An essential characteristic of the 4th Generation(4G) wireless networks is integrating various heterogeneous wireless access networks.This paper considers the network selection for both admission and handoff strategy problems in heterogeneous network of 3G/WLAN.A novel dynamic programming algorithm is proposed by taking heterogeneous network characteristics,user mobility and different service types into account.The specificity of our approach is that it puts the situations in a new model and makes decisions in stages of different states.Simulation results validate that the proposed scheme can obtain better new call blocking and handoff dropping probability performance than traditional schemes while ensuring quality-of-services(QoS) for both real-time and data connections.

Invited Paper: Antenna Selection in Energy Efficient MIMO Systems: A Survey

With the explosive growth and need for high-speed wireless communications, more and more energy is consumed to support the required quality of service. Therefore, energy efficient or green communication has become a very hot topic under the ground of limited energy resource and environmentally friendly transmission schemes. MIMO technique is capable of reducing the transmission power thanks to its diversity and multiplexing gain. Moreover, antenna selection(AS) is an alternative to extract many of the benefits in MIMO systems with a reduced cost of complexity and power. Although many works including several survey papers have investigated AS in MIMO systems, the goal of these works is only the capacity maximization or error rate minimization, which fails to guarantee the optimality of the energy efficiency in MIMO systems. In this paper, we overview the state of the art in the AS schemes in energy efficient MIMO systems, the goal of which is to optimize the energy efficiency of the whole system. Specifically, we introduce energy efficient AS in point-to-point MIMO, cooperative MIMO, multiuser MIMO and largescale MIMO systems, respectively. Several challenging and practical issues in this area are also addressed.

论汉语问句的疑问词原位、部分移位及焦点干涉

本文首先对比了针对汉语疑问宾语原位现象提出的隐性移位句法观及不移位无择约束(unselective binding)句法观,并肯定了后者的优势。本文重点关注的是被此类研究忽视的疑问宾语前置情况,比如“(是)什么东西,张三买了?”。张志恒(2012)认为汉语中这些前置的部分为认定焦点(IF),在句法结构上居于标句词短语(CP)所分裂出的焦点短语(TopP)投射位置,本文同意Pan(2014),认为汉语前置疑问词还可以用作左缘结构中的话题短语(TopP)位置。本文结合某些斯拉夫语中存在的疑问代词不完整移动现象提出,汉语中也有这样的可称为“wh部分移动”的现象,即上述汉语疑问词宾语虽经一定的前置但仍处于标句词(C)的成分统领域[话题短语的指示语(Spec-TopP)或焦点短语的指示语(Spec-FocP)],而不是像英语疑问词那样通常被认为处于标句词短语的指示语(Spec-CP)的位置。由于“部分移位”的疑问词仍然受到标句词(C)中带疑问特征的疑问算子(Qwh)的允准,本文将此种无择约束称为广义无择约束(generalized unselective binding,GUB)。最后,本文用所提出的广义无择约束理论分析了包括焦点干涉(focus intervention)在内的汉语多重问句的疑问词原位和前置现象,并提出了基于韵律考虑的焦点干涉的特指问句焦点冲突的新阐释。