In this study, Ficus carica L. ‘Masui Dauphine' was used as the experi- mental material to investigate the effects of explant type, basal medium, hormone types and concentrations on in vitro rapid propagation of‘Ma...In this study, Ficus carica L. ‘Masui Dauphine' was used as the experi- mental material to investigate the effects of explant type, basal medium, hormone types and concentrations on in vitro rapid propagation of‘Masui Dauphine'. Accord- ing to the results, the most suitable explants for in vitro rapid propagation of ‘Masui Dauphine' were axillary buds and the best medium was modified MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0. 05 mg/L NAA + 1.0 mg/L GA3 + 20 mg/L sucrose + 7 mg/L agar, pH 5.8. This study provided scientific basis for barge-scale cultivation of‘Masui Dauphine '.展开更多
The theme of the Conception of the Virgin Mary fascinated 16th-century Mannerist painters, as manifested in Giorgio Vasari's many drawings and paintings and also the numerous replicas in drawings, paintings, and engr...The theme of the Conception of the Virgin Mary fascinated 16th-century Mannerist painters, as manifested in Giorgio Vasari's many drawings and paintings and also the numerous replicas in drawings, paintings, and engravings made after his paintings by his contemporary artists. This essay focuses on Vasari's complex iconography of The Conception of Our Lady of 1540 at SS. Apostoli in Florence, Italy. In his documentation of the painting, Vasari never referred to or entitled the painting as an Allegory of the Immaculate Conception or Immaculate Conception but coined it as The Conception of Our Lady (Concezione di Nostra Donna) as it will be referred in this essay. Vasari's complex iconography derived from the writings of the A retine canon Giovanni Pollastra. The Virgin Mary is depicted as a victorious symbol of grace and salvation, triumphing over evil. Rejoicing angels surround her with scrolls containing Latin inscriptions, QUOS EVE CULPA DAAVIT/MARIAE GRATIAE SOLVIT, ECCE AGNIU[S] and UNIUS ONNOSTAA. These joyful words allude to the restoration of the fate of Adam and Eve after eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge in Paradise. A sinuous serpent coils around the fig tree, while tied-up Old Testament and New Testaments wait for forgiveness and salvation. Three considerations are addressed in this essay: (1) discussion of Vasari's recorded commissions; (2) stylistic observations and influences; and (3) interpretation of the imagery, that is, some observations on the symbolism of the painting.展开更多
In the present study, four different proteases (pepsin, papain, bromelain and ficin) were screened with a murine monoclonal antibody OC859 , in order to verify whether different digestion procedures could improve yiel...In the present study, four different proteases (pepsin, papain, bromelain and ficin) were screened with a murine monoclonal antibody OC859 , in order to verify whether different digestion procedures could improve yield and stability of the F(ab’)2 or Fab fragments. The yields of F(ab’)2 or Fab fragments from digestion with pepsin, papain , bromelain and ficin were respectively 20. 3+/-2. 0%, 50. 5+/-5. 0%,74. 4+/-2. 7% and 82. 8 +/-10. 2% of the theoretical maximum. Immunoreactivity in a noncompetitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) of the fragments generated by the four proteases were respectively 10+/-5%, 36+/-5%, 60+/-6% and 75+/-6%of the intact OC859 IgG. These results suggested that the fragmentation of OC859 with ficin gave a higher yield of superior immunoreactive fragments.展开更多
The present study was carried out on Ficuscarica L. cultivated in the northwestern desert of Egypt. Plant materials (leaves and fruits) were collected from three polluted locations at a distance of 500-700, 1,000-1,...The present study was carried out on Ficuscarica L. cultivated in the northwestern desert of Egypt. Plant materials (leaves and fruits) were collected from three polluted locations at a distance of 500-700, 1,000-1,250 and 3,000-3,500 m respectively away from the cement factory at EI-Hammam city, and a location of relatively clean air considered a control at 5,000-6,000 m away from this factory. The deposit cement dust washed from the surface leaf area of plant study was found to be 4.96, 4.21, 0.51 and 0.29 lag/cm2 at the four locations, respectively. Cement in more polluted locations increased mortality of young branches leading to a reduction in the height and yield of fig trees. The deposition of cement pollutants tothe loamy sandy soil of the present study alteredsoil chemical characteristics. The results showed that, biomass of fruits/tree, number of branches/tree and number of fruits/branch in polluted locations were significantly lower than those of the control one. Cement dust decreased leaf total chlorophyll content leading to a reduction in the economic yield (up to 50%). Metabolic constituents (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acid and proline) and essential elements (Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, and K) were studied in two types of fruits on fig trees (mature and premature). Thallium as a toxic metal was predicted in edible mature fruits, and the results showed that the concentration of thallium parts per billion (ppb) in polluted locations was significantly higher than those of the control one. The results revealed that fruits of fig plants at polluted sites showed quantitative and qualitative deteriorations.展开更多
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. (1824) is one of the most important pest that can infest orchards if its spread is not controlled. Among the preventive measures recommended in the fight against...The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. (1824) is one of the most important pest that can infest orchards if its spread is not controlled. Among the preventive measures recommended in the fight against this pest, we are interested in looking for varieties that are less favorable to the development of this pest among different varieties of fig trees in our region. The biological parameters of the fruit fly which were followed in this study are duration of pupation, rate of emergence, sex ratio and longevity of males and females. The results show that these parameters vary depending on the variety of fruit.展开更多
Experiments were carried to determine correlations of important fruit and plant characteristics using 30 fig genotypes. The correlation coefficients between these traits were calculated using SAS program. Fruit weight...Experiments were carried to determine correlations of important fruit and plant characteristics using 30 fig genotypes. The correlation coefficients between these traits were calculated using SAS program. Fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, neck length, ostiolium width, abscission of the stalk from the twig, ease of peeling, fruit skin cracks, thickness of the fruit skin, texture of skin, fruit ribs, fruit internal cavity, TSS (total soluble solids), pH, acidity, TSS/acidity, trunk diameter, shoot length, yield per tree were traits examined in the study. According to five-year data, fruit weight was found to have positive correlation by fruit diameter (r = 0.92; P 〈 0.01), fruit length (r = 0.81; P 〈 0.01), neck length (r = 0.35; P 〈 0.01), ostiolium width (r = 0.23; P 〈 0.01), trunk diameter (r = 0.26; P 〈 0.01), fruit skin cracks (r = 0.26; P 〈 0.01) and negative correlation by TSS (r = -0.26; P 〈 0.01) and fruit ribs (r = -0.21; P 〈 0.01). Relations between some traits such as ostiolium width, abscission of the stalk from the twig, ease of peeling, fruit skin cracks, texture of skin and fruit ribs are deviated based on the years. Some relationships between fig fruit characteristics exist, which may help researchers to solve some problems such as ostiolium width and fruit skin cracking. These studies may contribute to producing fruit with a good quality and help to evaluate new cultivars.展开更多
Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (1477-1549), also known as I1 Sodoma, was a Milanese painter who developed his mature style in Siena during the early Cinquecento. Between 1505 and 1510, under the tutelage of the Chigi and Pe...Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (1477-1549), also known as I1 Sodoma, was a Milanese painter who developed his mature style in Siena during the early Cinquecento. Between 1505 and 1510, under the tutelage of the Chigi and Petrucci families, Bazzi depicted mythological paintings focusing on the personifications of love both terrestrial and celestial. This paper looks at two such works. In one, there hangs on a sycamore tree a classical cartello with the Latin inscription Celestes, meaning celestial or heavenly, providing the title for the painting Amore Celeste (Celestial Love, Figure 3). A woman, as the personification of love, stands in front of two altars. She ignites one urn with fire and at the same time pours water over another burning fire. In the second work, a tondo with the theme of Terrestrial Love and Celestial Love, Bazzi considered the mischievousness of Venus' children Eros and Anteros (Figure 12). These paintings are mythological and poetical delights with complex symbolism, here analyzed in terms of their iconography in relation to classical influences and Renaissance Neoplatonic love or furor divinus. The paradoxical quest of Renaissance Neoplatonic love was to fuse pagan love with Christian love. For the humanists of the time (Bembo, Colonna, Poliziano, Ficino and Pico) this moral dilemma was a philosophical puzzle, but for artists (Botticelli, Nicoletto da Modena, Pinturicchio and Bazzi) the theme was a pictorial challenge.展开更多
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a set of important phytochemical compounds in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. However, PAbiosynthesis in L. ruthenicum remains unclear. In this study, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and ant...Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a set of important phytochemical compounds in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. However, PAbiosynthesis in L. ruthenicum remains unclear. In this study, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductases(ANR) involved in PA biosynthesis were retrieved from L. ruthenicum EST database. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) resultsconfirmed that LrLAR and LrANR encoded a protein composed of 333 and 338 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysisshowed that LrLAR and LrANR were clustered with known LAR and ANR proteins of other plants, respectively. Quantitativereverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that both genes expressed in a sharp increase manner from unripe stage tocolor break stage and were down-regulated increasingly hereafter, and that both expression levels are extremely low in youngleaves, mature leaves, stems, and roots compared with fruits. Phytochemical assay revealed that the content of total PA in fruitwas higher than that in young leaves, mature leaves, stems, and roots, and that the total PA level was increased sharply andthen relatively stable hereafter during fruit ripening. Our results lay a foundation for uncovering the PA biosynthesis and furtherengineering manipulation in L. ruthenicum.展开更多
It is generally believed that physical heterogeneity in common resource or evolutionary restraint can sufficiently prevent direct conflict between host and symbionts in mutualism systems. Our data on fig/fig wasp reci...It is generally believed that physical heterogeneity in common resource or evolutionary restraint can sufficiently prevent direct conflict between host and symbionts in mutualism systems. Our data on fig/fig wasp reciprocal mutualism(Ficus racemosa), however, show that structural barriers of female flowers or genetic constraints of pollinators previously hypothesized exist, but cannot sufficiently maintain the mutualism stability. The results show that a positive relationship between seed and wasp production could be maintained in warm season, which might be because of density dependence restraint among foundresses and their low oviposition and pollination efficiency, keeping common resource(female flowers) utilization unsaturated. Whilst, a negative correlation between wasp offspring and viable seed production was also observed in cold season, which might be that the increased oviposition and pollination efficiency maximized the common resource utilization. The fitness trade-off between fig and pollinator wasps is greatly affected by environmental or ecological variations. The local stability might result from temporal low exploitation efficiency of pollinators together with interference competition among pollinators. We suggest that host repression through the active regulation of bract closure, which can create interference competition among the foundresses and prevent extra more foundresses sequential entry in fruit cavities, would help the figs avoiding the cost of over-exploitation. This essentially takes the same role as sanctioning of cheating or competitive behaviors.展开更多
Co-evolutionary theory assumes co-adapted characteristics are a positive response to counter those of another species,whereby co-evolved species reach an evolutionarily stable interaction through bilateral adaptation....Co-evolutionary theory assumes co-adapted characteristics are a positive response to counter those of another species,whereby co-evolved species reach an evolutionarily stable interaction through bilateral adaptation.However,evidence from the fig-fig wasp mutualistic system implies very different co-evolutionary selection mechanisms,due to the inherent conflict among interacted partners.Fig plants appear to have discriminatively enforced fig wasps to evolve"adaptation characteristics"that provide greater benefit to the fig,and fig wasps appear to have diversified their evolutionary strategies in response to discriminative enforcement by figs and competition among different fig wasp species.In what appears to be an asymmetric interaction,the prosperity of cooperative pollinating wasps should inevitably lead to population increases of parasitic individuals,thus resulting in localized extinctions of pollinating wasps.In response,the sanctioning of parasitic wasps by the fig should lead to a reduction in the parasitic wasp population.The meta-populations created by such asymmetric interactions may result in each population of coevolved species chaotically oscillated,temporally or evolutionarily.展开更多
文摘In this study, Ficus carica L. ‘Masui Dauphine' was used as the experi- mental material to investigate the effects of explant type, basal medium, hormone types and concentrations on in vitro rapid propagation of‘Masui Dauphine'. Accord- ing to the results, the most suitable explants for in vitro rapid propagation of ‘Masui Dauphine' were axillary buds and the best medium was modified MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0. 05 mg/L NAA + 1.0 mg/L GA3 + 20 mg/L sucrose + 7 mg/L agar, pH 5.8. This study provided scientific basis for barge-scale cultivation of‘Masui Dauphine '.
文摘The theme of the Conception of the Virgin Mary fascinated 16th-century Mannerist painters, as manifested in Giorgio Vasari's many drawings and paintings and also the numerous replicas in drawings, paintings, and engravings made after his paintings by his contemporary artists. This essay focuses on Vasari's complex iconography of The Conception of Our Lady of 1540 at SS. Apostoli in Florence, Italy. In his documentation of the painting, Vasari never referred to or entitled the painting as an Allegory of the Immaculate Conception or Immaculate Conception but coined it as The Conception of Our Lady (Concezione di Nostra Donna) as it will be referred in this essay. Vasari's complex iconography derived from the writings of the A retine canon Giovanni Pollastra. The Virgin Mary is depicted as a victorious symbol of grace and salvation, triumphing over evil. Rejoicing angels surround her with scrolls containing Latin inscriptions, QUOS EVE CULPA DAAVIT/MARIAE GRATIAE SOLVIT, ECCE AGNIU[S] and UNIUS ONNOSTAA. These joyful words allude to the restoration of the fate of Adam and Eve after eating the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge in Paradise. A sinuous serpent coils around the fig tree, while tied-up Old Testament and New Testaments wait for forgiveness and salvation. Three considerations are addressed in this essay: (1) discussion of Vasari's recorded commissions; (2) stylistic observations and influences; and (3) interpretation of the imagery, that is, some observations on the symbolism of the painting.
文摘In the present study, four different proteases (pepsin, papain, bromelain and ficin) were screened with a murine monoclonal antibody OC859 , in order to verify whether different digestion procedures could improve yield and stability of the F(ab’)2 or Fab fragments. The yields of F(ab’)2 or Fab fragments from digestion with pepsin, papain , bromelain and ficin were respectively 20. 3+/-2. 0%, 50. 5+/-5. 0%,74. 4+/-2. 7% and 82. 8 +/-10. 2% of the theoretical maximum. Immunoreactivity in a noncompetitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) of the fragments generated by the four proteases were respectively 10+/-5%, 36+/-5%, 60+/-6% and 75+/-6%of the intact OC859 IgG. These results suggested that the fragmentation of OC859 with ficin gave a higher yield of superior immunoreactive fragments.
文摘The present study was carried out on Ficuscarica L. cultivated in the northwestern desert of Egypt. Plant materials (leaves and fruits) were collected from three polluted locations at a distance of 500-700, 1,000-1,250 and 3,000-3,500 m respectively away from the cement factory at EI-Hammam city, and a location of relatively clean air considered a control at 5,000-6,000 m away from this factory. The deposit cement dust washed from the surface leaf area of plant study was found to be 4.96, 4.21, 0.51 and 0.29 lag/cm2 at the four locations, respectively. Cement in more polluted locations increased mortality of young branches leading to a reduction in the height and yield of fig trees. The deposition of cement pollutants tothe loamy sandy soil of the present study alteredsoil chemical characteristics. The results showed that, biomass of fruits/tree, number of branches/tree and number of fruits/branch in polluted locations were significantly lower than those of the control one. Cement dust decreased leaf total chlorophyll content leading to a reduction in the economic yield (up to 50%). Metabolic constituents (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acid and proline) and essential elements (Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, and K) were studied in two types of fruits on fig trees (mature and premature). Thallium as a toxic metal was predicted in edible mature fruits, and the results showed that the concentration of thallium parts per billion (ppb) in polluted locations was significantly higher than those of the control one. The results revealed that fruits of fig plants at polluted sites showed quantitative and qualitative deteriorations.
文摘The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. (1824) is one of the most important pest that can infest orchards if its spread is not controlled. Among the preventive measures recommended in the fight against this pest, we are interested in looking for varieties that are less favorable to the development of this pest among different varieties of fig trees in our region. The biological parameters of the fruit fly which were followed in this study are duration of pupation, rate of emergence, sex ratio and longevity of males and females. The results show that these parameters vary depending on the variety of fruit.
文摘Experiments were carried to determine correlations of important fruit and plant characteristics using 30 fig genotypes. The correlation coefficients between these traits were calculated using SAS program. Fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, neck length, ostiolium width, abscission of the stalk from the twig, ease of peeling, fruit skin cracks, thickness of the fruit skin, texture of skin, fruit ribs, fruit internal cavity, TSS (total soluble solids), pH, acidity, TSS/acidity, trunk diameter, shoot length, yield per tree were traits examined in the study. According to five-year data, fruit weight was found to have positive correlation by fruit diameter (r = 0.92; P 〈 0.01), fruit length (r = 0.81; P 〈 0.01), neck length (r = 0.35; P 〈 0.01), ostiolium width (r = 0.23; P 〈 0.01), trunk diameter (r = 0.26; P 〈 0.01), fruit skin cracks (r = 0.26; P 〈 0.01) and negative correlation by TSS (r = -0.26; P 〈 0.01) and fruit ribs (r = -0.21; P 〈 0.01). Relations between some traits such as ostiolium width, abscission of the stalk from the twig, ease of peeling, fruit skin cracks, texture of skin and fruit ribs are deviated based on the years. Some relationships between fig fruit characteristics exist, which may help researchers to solve some problems such as ostiolium width and fruit skin cracking. These studies may contribute to producing fruit with a good quality and help to evaluate new cultivars.
文摘Giovanni Antonio Bazzi (1477-1549), also known as I1 Sodoma, was a Milanese painter who developed his mature style in Siena during the early Cinquecento. Between 1505 and 1510, under the tutelage of the Chigi and Petrucci families, Bazzi depicted mythological paintings focusing on the personifications of love both terrestrial and celestial. This paper looks at two such works. In one, there hangs on a sycamore tree a classical cartello with the Latin inscription Celestes, meaning celestial or heavenly, providing the title for the painting Amore Celeste (Celestial Love, Figure 3). A woman, as the personification of love, stands in front of two altars. She ignites one urn with fire and at the same time pours water over another burning fire. In the second work, a tondo with the theme of Terrestrial Love and Celestial Love, Bazzi considered the mischievousness of Venus' children Eros and Anteros (Figure 12). These paintings are mythological and poetical delights with complex symbolism, here analyzed in terms of their iconography in relation to classical influences and Renaissance Neoplatonic love or furor divinus. The paradoxical quest of Renaissance Neoplatonic love was to fuse pagan love with Christian love. For the humanists of the time (Bembo, Colonna, Poliziano, Ficino and Pico) this moral dilemma was a philosophical puzzle, but for artists (Botticelli, Nicoletto da Modena, Pinturicchio and Bazzi) the theme was a pictorial challenge.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31100223)Scientific Research Equipment Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.YZ201227)
文摘Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a set of important phytochemical compounds in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. However, PAbiosynthesis in L. ruthenicum remains unclear. In this study, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductases(ANR) involved in PA biosynthesis were retrieved from L. ruthenicum EST database. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) resultsconfirmed that LrLAR and LrANR encoded a protein composed of 333 and 338 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysisshowed that LrLAR and LrANR were clustered with known LAR and ANR proteins of other plants, respectively. Quantitativereverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that both genes expressed in a sharp increase manner from unripe stage tocolor break stage and were down-regulated increasingly hereafter, and that both expression levels are extremely low in youngleaves, mature leaves, stems, and roots compared with fruits. Phytochemical assay revealed that the content of total PA in fruitwas higher than that in young leaves, mature leaves, stems, and roots, and that the total PA level was increased sharply andthen relatively stable hereafter during fruit ripening. Our results lay a foundation for uncovering the PA biosynthesis and furtherengineering manipulation in L. ruthenicum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170408, 31270433, 31370408)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31325005)+1 种基金NSFC-Yunnan United Fund (U1302267)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘It is generally believed that physical heterogeneity in common resource or evolutionary restraint can sufficiently prevent direct conflict between host and symbionts in mutualism systems. Our data on fig/fig wasp reciprocal mutualism(Ficus racemosa), however, show that structural barriers of female flowers or genetic constraints of pollinators previously hypothesized exist, but cannot sufficiently maintain the mutualism stability. The results show that a positive relationship between seed and wasp production could be maintained in warm season, which might be because of density dependence restraint among foundresses and their low oviposition and pollination efficiency, keeping common resource(female flowers) utilization unsaturated. Whilst, a negative correlation between wasp offspring and viable seed production was also observed in cold season, which might be that the increased oviposition and pollination efficiency maximized the common resource utilization. The fitness trade-off between fig and pollinator wasps is greatly affected by environmental or ecological variations. The local stability might result from temporal low exploitation efficiency of pollinators together with interference competition among pollinators. We suggest that host repression through the active regulation of bract closure, which can create interference competition among the foundresses and prevent extra more foundresses sequential entry in fruit cavities, would help the figs avoiding the cost of over-exploitation. This essentially takes the same role as sanctioning of cheating or competitive behaviors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31270433,31170408)National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (31325005)+2 种基金NSFC-Yunnan United Fund (U1302267)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Special Fund for the Excellent Youth of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-Q-9)
文摘Co-evolutionary theory assumes co-adapted characteristics are a positive response to counter those of another species,whereby co-evolved species reach an evolutionarily stable interaction through bilateral adaptation.However,evidence from the fig-fig wasp mutualistic system implies very different co-evolutionary selection mechanisms,due to the inherent conflict among interacted partners.Fig plants appear to have discriminatively enforced fig wasps to evolve"adaptation characteristics"that provide greater benefit to the fig,and fig wasps appear to have diversified their evolutionary strategies in response to discriminative enforcement by figs and competition among different fig wasp species.In what appears to be an asymmetric interaction,the prosperity of cooperative pollinating wasps should inevitably lead to population increases of parasitic individuals,thus resulting in localized extinctions of pollinating wasps.In response,the sanctioning of parasitic wasps by the fig should lead to a reduction in the parasitic wasp population.The meta-populations created by such asymmetric interactions may result in each population of coevolved species chaotically oscillated,temporally or evolutionarily.