Removal of water contained in extra-viscous crude oil is quite difficult because of the high viscosity and high resins content of heavy oil.The microwave technology was introduced for the separation of water from high...Removal of water contained in extra-viscous crude oil is quite difficult because of the high viscosity and high resins content of heavy oil.The microwave technology was introduced for the separation of water from high-viscosity crude oil in the presence of sodium acetate.The decrease in zeta-potential of interface and the viscosity of crude oil are responsible for the accelerated separation of water under microwave irradiation.The influences of the concentration of sodium acetate in sample,irradiation pressure,irradiation time and irradiation power on the separation efficiency were investigated.The optimum technological condition for the refining process was determined.Upon treating the sample 1 (with a water concentration of 50%),the water removal rate was 98.44%,when the optimum conditions were identified to be a sodium acetate concentration of 2%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 2 min,and an irradiation power of 225 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 97.88%.Upon treating the sample 2 (the concentration of water was 20%),the water removal rate was 93.85%,when the optimum conditions were determined to be a sodium acetate concentration of 3%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 4 min,and an irradiation power of 375 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 93.54%.By using this method,the dehydration efficiency was increased rapidly.展开更多
Modern automotive petrol engine performance is significantly affected by effective tune-up. Current practice of engine tune-up relies on the experience of the automotive engineer, and tune-up is usually done by trial-...Modern automotive petrol engine performance is significantly affected by effective tune-up. Current practice of engine tune-up relies on the experience of the automotive engineer, and tune-up is usually done by trial-and-error method and then the vehicle engine is run on the dynamometer to show the actual engine performance. Obviously the current practice involves a large amount of time and money, and then may even fail to tune up the engine optimally because a formal performance model of the engine has not been determined yet. With an emerging technique, Support Vector Machines (SVM), the approximate per- formance model of a petrol vehicle engine can be determined by training the sample engine performance data acquired from the dynamometer. The number of dynamometer tests for an engine tune-up can therefore be reduced because the estimated engine performance model can replace the dynamometer tests to a certain extent. In this paper, the construction, validation and accuracy of the model are discussed. The study showed that the predicted results agree well with the actual test results. To illustrate the significance of the SVM methodology, the results were also compared with that regressed using multilayer feedforward neural networks.展开更多
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of organic selenium supplementation （selenium yeast） vs. inorganic selenium （selenium selenite） on the expression of selected defensin genes in milk somatic cells （...The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of organic selenium supplementation （selenium yeast） vs. inorganic selenium （selenium selenite） on the expression of selected defensin genes in milk somatic cells （MSC） of dairy cows. Sixteen Polish Holstein-Friesian cows in second parity, with similar milk yield and milk composition were randomly divided into two equal groups. At the beginning of experiment, the animals were in the middle of their lactation curve （150, standard deviation （SD） = 26 d） and this experiment lasted 90 d. The basic diet, for both groups, consisted of corn silage, wilted grass silage and concentrates. The diet of control group was supplemented with commercial mineral and vitamin mixture with inorganic selenium and the for the experimental group daily selenium need was covered by the addition of Se-yeast （6 mg Se/cow/d）. Milk samples were collected three times during experiment （before experiment; on day 55; after the end the experiment）. Total RNA was isolated from milk somatic cells and the levels of transcripts of bovine β1-defensin （DEFB1）, β4-defensin （BNBD4）, β5-defensin （BNBDS）, β10-defensin （BNBD10） and lingual antimicrobial peptide （LAP） were measured with real time PCR, using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） as a reference gene. The expressions of almost all studied genes were influenced by environmental conditions （very low and negative temperature）. However, BNBD4 （P 〈 0.05） and LAP （P ≤ 0.001 ） genes were influenced by selenium supplementation but in opposite ways, depending on the form of Se. These findings support that selenium is an important factor affecting the mRNA level in MSC, but the effect of the form of selenium might depend on genes.展开更多
基金the financial support of Liaoning Province Education Department Project(2004D06)
文摘Removal of water contained in extra-viscous crude oil is quite difficult because of the high viscosity and high resins content of heavy oil.The microwave technology was introduced for the separation of water from high-viscosity crude oil in the presence of sodium acetate.The decrease in zeta-potential of interface and the viscosity of crude oil are responsible for the accelerated separation of water under microwave irradiation.The influences of the concentration of sodium acetate in sample,irradiation pressure,irradiation time and irradiation power on the separation efficiency were investigated.The optimum technological condition for the refining process was determined.Upon treating the sample 1 (with a water concentration of 50%),the water removal rate was 98.44%,when the optimum conditions were identified to be a sodium acetate concentration of 2%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 2 min,and an irradiation power of 225 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 97.88%.Upon treating the sample 2 (the concentration of water was 20%),the water removal rate was 93.85%,when the optimum conditions were determined to be a sodium acetate concentration of 3%,an irradiation pressure of 0.1 MPa,an irradiation time of 4 min,and an irradiation power of 375 W,with the recovery of sodium acetate reaching 93.54%.By using this method,the dehydration efficiency was increased rapidly.
文摘Modern automotive petrol engine performance is significantly affected by effective tune-up. Current practice of engine tune-up relies on the experience of the automotive engineer, and tune-up is usually done by trial-and-error method and then the vehicle engine is run on the dynamometer to show the actual engine performance. Obviously the current practice involves a large amount of time and money, and then may even fail to tune up the engine optimally because a formal performance model of the engine has not been determined yet. With an emerging technique, Support Vector Machines (SVM), the approximate per- formance model of a petrol vehicle engine can be determined by training the sample engine performance data acquired from the dynamometer. The number of dynamometer tests for an engine tune-up can therefore be reduced because the estimated engine performance model can replace the dynamometer tests to a certain extent. In this paper, the construction, validation and accuracy of the model are discussed. The study showed that the predicted results agree well with the actual test results. To illustrate the significance of the SVM methodology, the results were also compared with that regressed using multilayer feedforward neural networks.
文摘The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of organic selenium supplementation （selenium yeast） vs. inorganic selenium （selenium selenite） on the expression of selected defensin genes in milk somatic cells （MSC） of dairy cows. Sixteen Polish Holstein-Friesian cows in second parity, with similar milk yield and milk composition were randomly divided into two equal groups. At the beginning of experiment, the animals were in the middle of their lactation curve （150, standard deviation （SD） = 26 d） and this experiment lasted 90 d. The basic diet, for both groups, consisted of corn silage, wilted grass silage and concentrates. The diet of control group was supplemented with commercial mineral and vitamin mixture with inorganic selenium and the for the experimental group daily selenium need was covered by the addition of Se-yeast （6 mg Se/cow/d）. Milk samples were collected three times during experiment （before experiment; on day 55; after the end the experiment）. Total RNA was isolated from milk somatic cells and the levels of transcripts of bovine β1-defensin （DEFB1）, β4-defensin （BNBD4）, β5-defensin （BNBDS）, β10-defensin （BNBD10） and lingual antimicrobial peptide （LAP） were measured with real time PCR, using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） as a reference gene. The expressions of almost all studied genes were influenced by environmental conditions （very low and negative temperature）. However, BNBD4 （P 〈 0.05） and LAP （P ≤ 0.001 ） genes were influenced by selenium supplementation but in opposite ways, depending on the form of Se. These findings support that selenium is an important factor affecting the mRNA level in MSC, but the effect of the form of selenium might depend on genes.
