汉籍(日本传)对音译法探析

见诸汉籍(日本传)的对音译法最早出现在《二十五史》中的魏、晋史籍。这种甚为古朴的翻译笔法看似自然与必然,其实有其特定的历史成因。对音译法在唐、宋史籍的淡出,不仅意味着史笔对日本相关译名认识的有所修正,而且也表明某种文化观念的悄然改变。

《新唐书·日本传》天皇谱系的真实与虚构——以《王年代纪》的加工创作为线索

《新唐书·日本传》的天皇谱系来源于日僧奝然向宋太宗进献的《王年代纪》。《宋史·日本国传》转录的《王年代纪》可以反映其原貌,《新唐书·日本传》则在《王年代纪》原文的基础上进行了加工和创作。例如在时代选取上以唐朝灭亡作为下限,删去了唐朝以后的内容;以奝然的按语作为线索,将僧人来华求法的内容置换为遣唐使入贡的记载。由于种种制约,《新唐书·日本传》在加工创作的过程中出现了文字错讹、理解偏差等问题,但它反映出北宋士人对日本历史的基本认知,具有较高的史料价值。

川畸病是从日本传过来的吗?

近几年,人们渐渐听到一种称为"川畸病"的儿科疾病。这到底是一种什么样的疾病呢?是从日本传播过来的传染病吗?对孩子的危害大吗?能否通过接种疫苗预防这种疾病?人们对这种"日本病"充满了猜疑。

Genetic Structure of the Oriental River Prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) from the Yangtze and Lancang Rivers, Inferred from COI Gene Sequence

This study analyzed nueleotide sequences from the mitochondrial eytochrome oxidase submit （COI） gene region （450 bp） to investigate the genetic structure of the oriental river prawn （ Macrobrachium nipponense ） among nine populations from the Yangtze and Lancang Rivers. A total of 79 individuals were collected for this work. Eighty-nine nucleotides were found to be variable, resulting in 46 haplotypes. Among the nine populations, the population from Kunming shows the greatest level of variability （h = 1.000, π = 0.028）, whereas the population from Cbongqing exhibits the lowest level of variability （h = 0.700,π = 0.008）. Analysis of molecular variance suggested that of the total genetic diversity, 9.66% was attributable to inter-population diversity and the remainder （90.34%） to differences within populations. A molecular phylogenetic tree constructed using the Neighbor-joining （N J） method showed that the 46 haplotypes were assigned to two clades associated with geographic regions. These results provide basic information for the conservation and sustainable exploitation of this species.

倭缎及其织造

倭缎这个织物名称,在明清两代的文献里屡见不鲜。明代的《天工开物》和清代的《国朝宫史》里都有关於倭缎的记载。《国朝宫史》卷十七,“经费一年例”,记载,皇太后到嫔及皇子侧福晋的年例中均有倭缎。皇太后、皇后均为“倭缎四匹”,皇贵妃、贵妃、妃均为“倭缎二匹”,嫔、贵人、皇子福晋、皇子侧福晋均为“倭缎一匹”。那麽,倭缎到底是一种甚麽样的织物呢?它是一种在缎地上起经绒花的织物。宋应星在《天工开物》中说:“凡倭缎制起东夷”,“其织法自夷国传来,漳泉海滨效法为之”。说明织造倭缎的工艺技术是从日本传到我国东南沿海地区的。这一技术传到我国东南沿海地区以后,漳、泉等地纷纷起来效仿,他们从川蜀买来蚕丝,按明倭缎的织造方法进行仿制。

中国近代音乐之最

风琴最早传入我国的时间,是在清光绪年问〈1897年前后〉。世界上第一架现代型式的风琴,是巴黎乐器制造家亚历山大、弗兰斯瓦·德班〈1840〉制成。后经日本传入中国。广东音乐最杰出的音乐家,是吕文成先生〈1898年3月12日——1981年8月22日〉:他是广东中山县人,逝世于香港。

日语汉译中存在的词义问题初探

翻译中的词义问题,虽说是老生常谈,但问题的存在却依然十分普遍。不但初学者常出错,就连许多有经验的译者笔下,也常有失误。笔者从一些对译读物中归纳了以下几个问题加以探讨,以求共同努力提高翻译质量。

Joinery and Structure:Cultural and Technical Comparison between Traditional Wooden Framing Systems in East Asia and Western Europe

Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.

Genetic changes of p53,K-ras,and microsatellite instability in gallbladder carcinoma in high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary

AIM： To disclose geographic differences in genetic changes involved in gallbladder carcinogenesis between two distinct high-incidence areas of Japan and Hungary. METHODS： We examined 42 cases of gallbladder carcinoma： 22 Japanese and 20 Hungarian cases, p53 mutations at exons 5 to 8 and K-ras mutations at codon 12 were tested by direct sequencing. Microsatellite instability was determined from fluorescent dye-labeled PCR amplifications of flve-microsatellite markers （BAT-25, BAT-26, D2S123, DSS346, and D17S250）. RESULTS： Mutations of p53 were detected in 11 of 22 Japanese cases and 6 of 18 Hungarian cases （11/22 vs 6/18, P = 0.348）. Transition at CpG sites was found in none of 11 Japanese cases and 2 of 6 Hungarian cases; the difference was marginally significant （0/11 vs 2/6,P = 0.110）. K-ras mutations were detected in only one of the Hungarian cases. Eight of 19 （42.1%） ]apanese cases were MSI-high （presence of novel peaks in more than one of the five loci analyzed）, whereas only 1 of 15 （6.7%） Hungarian cases was MSI-high （P = 0.047）. CONCLUSION： It appears that the p53 mutations and MSI differ in patients with gallbladder carcinoma between two distinct high-incidence areas. Geographic variation might exist in the process of gallbladder carcinogenesis.

Construction of a hepatic stellate cells subtracted cDNA library of differentially expressed genes in normal mice and mice with Schistosomiasis japonica

To construct a hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) subtracted cDNA library to find differentially expressed genes in normal mice and mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used. The cDNA fragments of normal mouse were compared to those of schistosoma-infected mice to find differentially expressed genes. Then differentially expressed cDNA fragments were directly inserted into T/A cloning vector to set up the subtractive library. Amplification of the library was carried out with transformation of DH5α. The amplified library contained more than 400 positive bacterial clones, which were then hybridized with forward and backward subtracted probes for differential screening. One hundred positive bacterial clones were randomly selected for sequencing and BLAST analysis. Finally, virtual Northern Blot confirmed such differential expression. The subtracted cDNA library of differentially expressed genes of HSCs was constructed successfully, the library is efficient and lays foundation for screening and cloning new and specific genes of schistosomiasis.

The Income Security System in Japanese Traditional Performing Arts： A Strategy for Utilizing the Nation＇s Traditional Arts Resources

The objective of this paper is to examine an effective strategy for maintaining and utilizing the traditional arts resources of Japan. The authors explore two pillars of the strategy. One is to improve the quality of Japanese traditional performing arts by securing incomes for artists. The other is to utilize the traditional arts as a medium to expand Japanese cultural influence in foreign countries and to improve Japan＇s branding as a nation. First, the authors focus on the income security system practiced in traditional Japanese music and describe the discrepancy between short- and long-run optimality. The authors prove that the reputation of this art form affects its popularity and that it is optimal for the Iemoto （the head of the music school） to restrict the number of pupils in onstage performances in order to maintain stage quality. Second, the authors provide evidence that effective methods for a country to expand its cultural influence across the world differ among nations. The authors conduct willingness-to-pay （WTP） experiments and find that while German audiences largely prefer traditional Japanese music, those in the USA are slightly partial to its mixed fusion form. Therefore, the effective ways to expand Japanese cultural influence in foreign countries differ from one country to another.

Variations of Ion-Transport Enzyme Activities During Early Development of the Shrimps Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Marsupenaeus japonicus

The ion-transport enzyme activities were studied in the nauplii 1-2, zoea 1-3, mysis 1-3, and postlarva 1-7 of the shrimps Marsupenaeus japonicus and Fenneropenaeus chinensis. The results showed that total ATPase, Na＋-K＋-ATPase, and V-ATPase （V-type H＋-ATPase） activities increased during the early development for both the species, from zero in nauplii to stable levels after zoea stage. The enzyme activities of the latter species were significantly higher than those of the former species after zoea stage （F〉F0.05）. The contributions of Na＋-K＋-ATPase, V-ATPase and HCO3--ATPase to the total ATPase activity of the two species varied in different developmental stages and accounted for 40%-70%, 22%-46% and 2%-13% in M. japonicus from zoea to postlarva stage, whilst the shares of them were 42%-69%, 28%-44% and 2.5%-22%, respectively in Echinensis. These findings suggest the possible culture of the two species with varying water quality, especially the salinity and pH.

Mitochondrial DNA control region diversity and population structure of Pacific herring(Clupea pallasii)in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan

To investigate the genetic variation and population structure of Pacific herring in the Yellow Sea and the genetic differentiation between the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan, fragments of 479-bp mitochondrial DNA control region were sequenced for 110 individuals collected from three different periods in the Yellow Sea and one locality in the Sea of Japan. High haplotype diversity and moderate nucleotide diversity were observed in Pacific herring. AMOVA and exact test of population differentiation showed no significant genetic differentiations among the three populations of the Yellow Sea and suggested the populations can be treated as a single panmictic stock in the Yellow Sea. However, a large and significant genetic differentiation （ФST=0.11; P=0.00） was detected between the populations in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. The high sea water temperature in the Tsushima Strait was thought a barrier to block the gene exchange between populations of the two sea areas. The neutrality tests and mismatch distribution indicated recent population expansion in Pacific herring.

Why Do Immigration Policies Differ Between Japan and Korea

Foreign immigrants to South Korea are transforming the demographic map of the nation. Survey findings have revealed that the rapid influx of foreigners into South Korea since the year of 2000 has brought about a population increase that has surpassed initial government predictions. In contrast, Japan continues to restrict foreign nationals, in spite of sharp decreasing of national population. But why did such a difference in the respective policies of Japan and South Korea regarding foreign workers and immigration, and citizenship, suddenly come into existence after the year of 2000？ This paper addresses this single question, and answers to the question that the differences of political opportunity structures around immigration policies in these two countries matter. Firstly, in Japan, the business sectors which want to have more immigrants have difficulties in reestablishing the strong relations with ruling parties but South Korean business still keeps the smooth relations with conservative governments. Secondly, Japanese labor unions regard immigrants as a serious threat against their members＇ jobs, but immigrant issues are understood as one of the human rights issues against which unions have to work. Thirdly, anti-immigrants groups in Japan are given chances to bring their message through traditional media such as TVs, but the doors of traditional media are closed for the groups in South Korea.

Institutionalisation of Genetic Resource Management with Farmers： Cases of Traditional Vegetables in Japan

Nearly all countries have seed organisations and private seed companies, laws and technical regulations to govern their while the role of the farmers＇ seed system has formal seed system, run by formal public been marginalised especially in developed countries. Local traditional varieties that are largely taken care of and nurtured by farmers＇ seed system have also been excluded from the formal seed system. Nowadays, however, it is quite common to see locally-sourced vegetables on supermarket shelves, while an increasing number of consumers visit farmers＇ market and become aware of local traditional vegetables available only through such channels. It is in this context that many local governments, public agricultural experimental stations and even private seed companies are becoming interested in the use and management of local traditional varieties of vegetables in Japan. The objective of this paper is to elucidate some characteristics of and factors behind the condition, potentiality and limitations of farmers＇ seed systems vis-a-vis the expected role of public experimental stations and locally-based seed companies, especially when it comes to the use and management of local traditional vegetables and their genetic resources in Japan. This paper is based on our case studies, in which we conducted in some interviews with relevant local actors in addition to literature and statistical surveys.

Response of tilt and strain meters in Hubei province to the 2011 Mw9. 0 Japan earthquake

Tih and strain meters of the deformation-observation network in Hubei Province all responded to the Mw9.0 Japan earthquake on March 11,2011. By analyzing the co-seismic responses,we found that firstly there was essentially a linear correlation between response time and epicentral distance. Secondly, there was some correlation between maximum response amplitude and earthquake magnitude as well as between the duration and earthquake magnitude. Thirdly, the response amplitudes and decay rates were different for different types of instruments. Due to less data-sampling frequency, the deformation instruments, could not display the first motion of P and S waves, but responded mainly to far-field surface waves. Before the earthquake, the NS earthtide component recorded by the cave stainmeter at Yichang was distorted for nearly eight hours. While digital deformation observation did not show complete information about the earthquake source, it still reflected some key features of seismic-wave propagation.

辛克莱的“艺术即宣传”在现代中国的传播与改写

厄普顿·辛克莱（1878—1968）,美国著名左翼作家,出生于巴尔的摩,曾创作超过90本著作,并获得过普立策奖。代表作品有小说《屠场》（1906）、《石炭王》（1917）、《煤油》（1927）、《波士顿》（1928）、《工人杰麦》（1918）、《钱魔》（1908）、《大都市》（1907）、《实业领袖》（1907）等,论著《人生鉴》（1921—1922）、《拜金艺术》（1925）、《卖淫的铜牌》（1919）、《钱著作》（1927）等。

Empresses and Buddhism in Japan in VI-VIII cc

The basic problem of given paper is a role of women-empresses in the process of spreading Buddhism in Japan during VI-VIII cc. There are many evidences that during the process of spreading Buddhism in the Far East and South-East Asia, the principles of Buddhist doctrine became a part of the state ideology in many cases due to the patronage of the powerful laywomen. In Japan, thanks to the activity of empresses Suiko （597-628）, Jito （645-703） and Koken （718-770）. Buddhism could integrate into the system of traditional religion Shinto, developing further into Shinto-Buddhist syncretism. During the reign of Suiko about a hundred of the Buddhists, temples have been constructed through all the country and a system of religious bureaucracy ＂Sogo＂ was founded. Empress Jito took part in religious reforms during the second half of VII century and sent Buddhist missionaries to the local aborigines haya to and emishi. Empress Koken after the death of her father-emperor Shomu continued his policy to constructing the state ideology on the basis of Buddhism and was the first ruler in the history of early-medieval Japan, who permitted Buddhists to take part in the Shinto ceremonies. Therefore, the study of the role of empresses in spreading of Buddhism in Japan is important for understanding the history of religious and cultural traditions in Japan.

我国第一部日本学史——《中国人的日本研究史》介绍

我国用近代科学方法研究日本的起点虽然较晚,但研究日本的传统却源远流长。关于我国对日本的研究,过去国内外都未作过系统的总结和论述。武安隆、熊达云所著《中国人的日本研究史》一书填补了这一空白,值得向我国读者介绍。该书由日本六兴出版社作为《东亚中的日本历史丛书》第12卷于1989年出版,全书共9章,外加附编2篇(中国人研究日本的主要著作、论文一览)。序章(【中国人研究日本的特色》,从宏观上综合两千多年研究日本的情况,总结出五个特点,即1,中国人研究日本最早,2、有连续性;3、与政治密切结合;4、隔海研究;5,宏观研究多。第一章《中国正史中的倭国传、日本传》概述《后汉书》至《清史稿》