Several new demands have been put forward for the application of the Beijing continuous GNSS observations due to some particular reasons, such as the limited coverage of the observation network, the different construc...Several new demands have been put forward for the application of the Beijing continuous GNSS observations due to some particular reasons, such as the limited coverage of the observation network, the different construction and management criterion executed by different units and the intense interference resulting from human activity. In this paper, necessary processing of data is carried out, including more accurate calculation, corrections to the replacement, outliers and relocation of equipment, and elimination of linear trends in the E-component for every station. The E-components of the 16 available stations showed a lower sawtooth wave anomaly （slowly westward propagating） before the 2011 Tohoku Mw9. 0 earthquake, a coseismic step rebound （rapid eastward propagating） and a post-seismic D-shaped recovery. These steps constituted a complete earthquake process which was rarely seen before in the GNSS observations and provides a good example for further study. Moreover, the rapid eastward propagating during the earthquake is not influenced by the size of the given normal values, which may play a significant role in earthquake forecasting and early warning.展开更多
Grooming is essential to build social relationships in primates. Its importance is universal among animals from different ranks; however, rank-related differences in feeding patterns can lead to conflicts between feed...Grooming is essential to build social relationships in primates. Its importance is universal among animals from different ranks; however, rank-related differences in feeding patterns can lead to conflicts between feeding and grooming in low-ranking animals. Unifying the effects of dominance rank on feeding and grooming behaviors contributes to revealing the importance of grooming. Here, I tested whether the grooming behavior of low-ranking females were similar to that of high-ranking females despite differences in their feeding patterns. I followed 9 Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata fuscata adult females from the Arashiyama group, and analyzed the feeding patterns and grooming behaviors of low- and high-ranking females. Low-ranking females fed on natural foods away from the provision- ing site, whereas high-ranking females obtained more provisioned food at the site. Due to these differences in feeding patterns, low-ranking females spent less time grooming than high-ranking females. However, both low- and high-ranking females performed grooming around the provisioning site, which was linked to the number of neighboring individuals for low-ranking females and feeding on provisioned foods at the site for high-ranking females. The similarity in grooming area led to a range and diversity of grooming partners that did not differ with rank. Thus, low-ranking females can obtain small amounts of provisioned foods and perform grooming with as many partners around the provi- sioning site as high-ranking females. These results highlight the efforts made by low-ranking females to perform grooming and suggest the importance of grooming behavior in group-living primates.展开更多
基金funded by Research Foundation for Veteran Experts of China Earthquake Administration(201346)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(8041001,8092012)
文摘Several new demands have been put forward for the application of the Beijing continuous GNSS observations due to some particular reasons, such as the limited coverage of the observation network, the different construction and management criterion executed by different units and the intense interference resulting from human activity. In this paper, necessary processing of data is carried out, including more accurate calculation, corrections to the replacement, outliers and relocation of equipment, and elimination of linear trends in the E-component for every station. The E-components of the 16 available stations showed a lower sawtooth wave anomaly （slowly westward propagating） before the 2011 Tohoku Mw9. 0 earthquake, a coseismic step rebound （rapid eastward propagating） and a post-seismic D-shaped recovery. These steps constituted a complete earthquake process which was rarely seen before in the GNSS observations and provides a good example for further study. Moreover, the rapid eastward propagating during the earthquake is not influenced by the size of the given normal values, which may play a significant role in earthquake forecasting and early warning.
文摘Grooming is essential to build social relationships in primates. Its importance is universal among animals from different ranks; however, rank-related differences in feeding patterns can lead to conflicts between feeding and grooming in low-ranking animals. Unifying the effects of dominance rank on feeding and grooming behaviors contributes to revealing the importance of grooming. Here, I tested whether the grooming behavior of low-ranking females were similar to that of high-ranking females despite differences in their feeding patterns. I followed 9 Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata fuscata adult females from the Arashiyama group, and analyzed the feeding patterns and grooming behaviors of low- and high-ranking females. Low-ranking females fed on natural foods away from the provision- ing site, whereas high-ranking females obtained more provisioned food at the site. Due to these differences in feeding patterns, low-ranking females spent less time grooming than high-ranking females. However, both low- and high-ranking females performed grooming around the provisioning site, which was linked to the number of neighboring individuals for low-ranking females and feeding on provisioned foods at the site for high-ranking females. The similarity in grooming area led to a range and diversity of grooming partners that did not differ with rank. Thus, low-ranking females can obtain small amounts of provisioned foods and perform grooming with as many partners around the provi- sioning site as high-ranking females. These results highlight the efforts made by low-ranking females to perform grooming and suggest the importance of grooming behavior in group-living primates.
