计算散射光谱术赋能早癌检测研究进展(特邀)

散射光谱术(Light Scattering Spectroscopy,LSS)是一种无创的光学检测方法,能够在细胞和亚细胞层面识别并表征早期癌变及其他人体组织变化。LSS技术通过捕获上皮细胞的单次散射光,并应用Mie散射理论推断细胞核的形状、尺寸和折射率等关键参数,从而利用这些信息进行疾病诊断。然而,将LSS技术应用于人体组织时,如何有效消除底层组织引起的漫散射光对单次散射光的干扰,仍是一个技术挑战。为应对这一挑战,研究者引入了空间门控和偏振门控等先进技术,通过利用光子的特定属性变化,实现单次散射光与背景漫散射光的有效区分和分离。经过20年的技术演进,基于这些门控技术的新型LSS系统不断涌现,并在早期癌症检测领域取得了显著成果。这些成果不仅凸显了LSS技术在早期癌症检测中的巨大潜力,还强调了其进一步研究和推广的必要性。综述全面回顾了LSS技术在早期癌症检测中的原理、单次散射光的捕获方法和系统设计,深入探讨了其历史发展、当前研究状态及最新进展。文章还讨论了LSS技术目前面临的一些关键挑战,并展望了未来的研究方向。该综述不仅使读者可以快速了解该领域的研究现状和发展趋势,也为LSS技术的进一步应用和推广提供了坚实的理论支持。

Health beliefs toward lung cancer screening among Chinese American high-risk smokers:Interviews based on Health Belief Model

Objective This study aims to explore health beliefs toward lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography among Chinese American high-risk smokers.Methods Guided by the Health Belief Model,semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with Chinese American high-risk smokers via phone.Additional questionnaires on demographic information,history of smoking and lung cancer screening were collected via email or phone before the interview,depending on participants’preference.Content analysis was used to extract meaningful and significant themes in the dataset.Constant comparison analysis and process coding were used to categorize and code data.Results Data saturation was reached after interviewing 12 participants.Chinese American high-risk smokers perceived a low susceptibility to lung cancer,since they believed various protective factors of lung cancer(e.g.,doing exercise,healthy diet,etc.)reduced their risk of getting lung cancer.All the participants perceived a high severity of lung cancer.They acknowledged lung cancer would have a huge impact on their life.Perceived benefits of lung cancer screening were accurate in most aspects although minor confusions were still noticed among this population.Perceived barriers varied on participants’,physicians’,and institutional levels.High-risk Chinese American smokers had little confidence to screening for lung cancer.Cues to action for them to screening for lung cancer included recommendations from health care providers,support from family members and friends,and information shared on Chinese-based social media.Conclusions Misconceptions and barriers to screening for lung cancer existed widely among Chinese American high-risk smokers.Intervention programs and targeted health education should be implemented to promote lung cancer screening among this population.

Detection of early gastric cancer using hydro-stomach CT:Blinded vs unblinded analysis

AIM:To evaluate the difference in diagnostic performance of hydro-stomach computed tomography(CT) to detect early gastric cancer(EGC) between blinded and unblinded analysis and to assess independent factors affecting visibility of cancer foci.METHODS:Two radiologists initially blinded and then unblinded to gastroscopic and surgical-histological findings independently reviewed hydro-stomach CT images of 110 patients with single EGC.They graded the visibility of cancer foci for each of three gastric segments(upper,middle and lower thirds) using a 4-point scale(1:definitely absent,2:probably absent,3:probably present,and 4:definitely present).The sensitivity and specificity for detecting an EGC were calculated.Intraobserver and interobserver agreements were analyzed.The visibility of an EGC was evaluated with regard to tumor size,invasion depth,gastric segments,histological type and gross morphology using univariate and multivariate analysis.RESULTS:The respective sensitivities and specificities [reviewer 1:blinded,20%(22/110) and 98%(215/220);unblinded,27%(30/110) and 100%(219/220)/reviewer 2:blinded,19%(21/110) and 98%(216/220);unblinded,25%(27/110) and 98%(215/220)] were not significantly different.Although intraobserver agreements were good(weighted κ = 0.677 and 0.666),interobserver agreements were fair(blinded,0.371) or moderate(unblinded,0.558).For both univariate and multivariate analyses,the tumor size and invasion depth were statistically significant factors affecting visibility.CONCLUSION:The diagnostic performance of hydrostomach CT to detect an EGC was not significantly different between blinded and unblinded analysis.The tumor size and invasion depth were independent factors for visibility.

Study on the Early Detection and Clinico—pathologic Staging of Colorectal Cancer in China

Objective To confirm an effective and practicable screening model for early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) , and to modify an acceptable and reasonable staging of CRC for predicting prognosis and to define the therapeutic strategy.Methods Data from 3 case-control studies have been used for selecting the high risk factors of CRC to optimize Sequencing Screening Model (SSM) . The fieldwork recalls have been utilized to compare the sensitivity, specificity and Youden Index between the SSM and the optimized one. The 1722 individuals have been used to evaluate the Optimized Sequencing Screening Model (OPSM). From 1980 to 1995, 1334 cases of CRC pathologically confirmed have been analyzed for 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates. All tests were performed at the 0.05 level of significances. Statistical analysis was conducted by using the SPSS 10.0 statistic software.Results A simple questionnaire and RPHA-FOB test as the screening model for early detecting CRC had been proved as an optimized screening model. The sensitivity, specificity and Youden Index of the optimized model were higher than those of SSM. From the 1722 individuals 4 Dukes A and 5 Dukes B CRC were screened out. Analysis of the 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates revealed that there were statistically significant differences between serosa and extraserosa. The 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates were 0.91?

The expressions and interrelation of p130Cas and PTEN in gastric cancer

Objective： To research the contributions of p130Cas and PTEN signal molecules to the carcinogenesis of gastric carcinoma and the relationship between them. Methods： Detecting proteins of p130Cas, PTEN and PTEN mRNA of 76 cases normal gastric mucosa and 112 cases gastric carcinoma by immunohistochemistry EnVision method and molecular hybridization in situ method respectively. Detecting PTEN genetic mutation of 30 cases normal gastric mucosa, 7 cases early gastric cancer and 30 cases progressive gastric cancer by PCR-SSCP. Results： The expression of p130Cas protein of gastric carcinoma increased significantly than that of normal gastric mucosa （P 〈 0.05）. Opposite to above, the expression of PTEN protein of gastric carcinoma group was significantly lower than that of normal gastric rnucosa group （P 〈 0.05）. The expression of PTEN mRNA of gastric carcinoma group decreased obviously than normal gastric mucosa group （P 〈 0.001）. Only one case exon 5 and one case exon 8 of PTEN appeared gene mutation of progressive gastric carcinoma group, the difference has no significance compared with normal gastric mucosa group and early gastric cancer group. Conclusion： The signaling molecules p130Cas and PTEN play an important role in the carcinogenesis of gastric carcinoma, and p130Cas plays the part of promoter, oppositely, maybe PTEN can inhibit it.

Ovarian Cancer Screening Based on Mixture Change-Point Model

Ovarian cancer is one of the most deadly female genital malignant tumors in many regions while an effective early screening strategy can save numerous lives.CA125 and HE4 are tumor markers validated efficacious as well as most commonly used in recent screening research of ovarian cancer.In this paper,the authors construct a change-point and mixture model on the basis of longitudinal CA125 and HE4 levels and estimated parameters using maximum likelihood method with the preclinical duration assumed right-censored,which is more adaptive and yields comparable results in comparison to the Bayesian approach raised by Skates.Consistency of estimators is proved.The authors also run a 5-year simulation of sequential screening by calculating the risk of cancer and hypothesis testing the true incidence time respectively.Results show that diagnosis based on hypothesis test performs better in early detection.