Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis reveals a co-variability of Sea surface temperatures （SSTs） in the Southern Hemisphere （0°-60°S）. In the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans, there is a subtro...Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis reveals a co-variability of Sea surface temperatures （SSTs） in the Southern Hemisphere （0°-60°S）. In the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans, there is a subtropical dipole pattern slanted in the southwest-northeast direction. In the South Pacific Ocean, a meridional tripole structure emerges, whose middle pole co-varies with the dipoles in the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans and is used in this study to track subtropical Pacific variability. The South Indian and Atlantic Ocean dipoles and the subtropical Pacific variability are phase-locked in austral summer. On the inter-decadal time scales, the dipoles in the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans weaken in amplitude after 1979/1980. No such weakening is found in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Interestingly, despite the reduced amplitude, the correlation of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic dipoles with E1 Nino and Southern Oscillation （ENSO） are enhanced after 1979/1980. The same increase in correlation is found for subtropical South Pacific variability after 1979/1980. These inter-decadal modulations imply that the Southern Hemisphere participates in part of the climate shift in the late 1970s. The correlation between Southern Hemisphere SST and ENSO reduces after 2000.展开更多
In this study, three high frequent occurrence regions of tropical cyclones(TCs), i.e., the northern South China Sea(the region S), the south Philippine Sea(the region P) and the region east of Taiwan Island(the region...In this study, three high frequent occurrence regions of tropical cyclones(TCs), i.e., the northern South China Sea(the region S), the south Philippine Sea(the region P) and the region east of Taiwan Island(the region E), are defined with frequency of TC's occurrence at each grid for a 45-year period(1965–2009), where the frequency of occurrence(FO) of TCs is triple the mean value of the whole western North Pacific. Over the region S, there are decreasing trends in the FO of TCs, the number of TCs' tracks going though this region and the number of TCs' genesis in this region. Over the region P, the FO and tracks demonstrate decadal variation with periods of 10–12 year, while over the region E, a significant 4–5 years' oscillation appears in both FO and tracks. It is demonstrated that the differences of TCs' variation in these three different regions are mainly caused by the variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) at different time scales. The westward shift of WPSH is responsible for the northwesterly anomaly over the region S which inhibits westward TC movement into the region S. On the decadal timescale, the WPSH stretches northwestward because of the anomalous anticyclone over the northwestern part of the region P, and steers more TCs reaching the region P in the greater FO years of the region P. The retreating of the WPSH on the interannual time scale is the main reason for the FO's oscillation over the region E.展开更多
The aspects considered in this paper refer to remains of food plants found in the archaeological area of Pyrgos （Early Bronze Age, 2000 B.C.） near Limassol in Cyprus, related to the history of agriculture and cultiv...The aspects considered in this paper refer to remains of food plants found in the archaeological area of Pyrgos （Early Bronze Age, 2000 B.C.） near Limassol in Cyprus, related to the history of agriculture and cultivated plant processing technologies. For the purposes of an initial comparison of the archaeobotanical data, the authors updated a map of rainfall distribution on Cyprus with rainfall and temperature data for the period from 1973 to 2007, to produce an updated view of possible microclimates on the island. Cyprus was one of the Mediterranean islands whose particular orographic features encouraged the phylogenetic evolution of many species, and today it is especially rich in endemic species. Cyprus located at the southeastern boundary among the Mediterranean region, the Pontic region （the Irano-Turanic element） and the Near East （the Syriac and Nubo-Sindic elements） it doesn＇t seem to have effectively influenced the most important endemic species, they were probably preserved by the island＇s microclimates and particular edaphic conditions.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program(2012CB955603,2010CB950302)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2010AA012304)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(SQ201006 and XDA05090404)
文摘Empirical orthogonal function （EOF） analysis reveals a co-variability of Sea surface temperatures （SSTs） in the Southern Hemisphere （0°-60°S）. In the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans, there is a subtropical dipole pattern slanted in the southwest-northeast direction. In the South Pacific Ocean, a meridional tripole structure emerges, whose middle pole co-varies with the dipoles in the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans and is used in this study to track subtropical Pacific variability. The South Indian and Atlantic Ocean dipoles and the subtropical Pacific variability are phase-locked in austral summer. On the inter-decadal time scales, the dipoles in the South Indian and Atlantic Oceans weaken in amplitude after 1979/1980. No such weakening is found in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Interestingly, despite the reduced amplitude, the correlation of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic dipoles with E1 Nino and Southern Oscillation （ENSO） are enhanced after 1979/1980. The same increase in correlation is found for subtropical South Pacific variability after 1979/1980. These inter-decadal modulations imply that the Southern Hemisphere participates in part of the climate shift in the late 1970s. The correlation between Southern Hemisphere SST and ENSO reduces after 2000.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos. 41106018, 40975038)Program 973 (Nos. 2012CB417402, 2010CB950402, 2012CB955604)
文摘In this study, three high frequent occurrence regions of tropical cyclones(TCs), i.e., the northern South China Sea(the region S), the south Philippine Sea(the region P) and the region east of Taiwan Island(the region E), are defined with frequency of TC's occurrence at each grid for a 45-year period(1965–2009), where the frequency of occurrence(FO) of TCs is triple the mean value of the whole western North Pacific. Over the region S, there are decreasing trends in the FO of TCs, the number of TCs' tracks going though this region and the number of TCs' genesis in this region. Over the region P, the FO and tracks demonstrate decadal variation with periods of 10–12 year, while over the region E, a significant 4–5 years' oscillation appears in both FO and tracks. It is demonstrated that the differences of TCs' variation in these three different regions are mainly caused by the variation of the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) at different time scales. The westward shift of WPSH is responsible for the northwesterly anomaly over the region S which inhibits westward TC movement into the region S. On the decadal timescale, the WPSH stretches northwestward because of the anomalous anticyclone over the northwestern part of the region P, and steers more TCs reaching the region P in the greater FO years of the region P. The retreating of the WPSH on the interannual time scale is the main reason for the FO's oscillation over the region E.
文摘The aspects considered in this paper refer to remains of food plants found in the archaeological area of Pyrgos （Early Bronze Age, 2000 B.C.） near Limassol in Cyprus, related to the history of agriculture and cultivated plant processing technologies. For the purposes of an initial comparison of the archaeobotanical data, the authors updated a map of rainfall distribution on Cyprus with rainfall and temperature data for the period from 1973 to 2007, to produce an updated view of possible microclimates on the island. Cyprus was one of the Mediterranean islands whose particular orographic features encouraged the phylogenetic evolution of many species, and today it is especially rich in endemic species. Cyprus located at the southeastern boundary among the Mediterranean region, the Pontic region （the Irano-Turanic element） and the Near East （the Syriac and Nubo-Sindic elements） it doesn＇t seem to have effectively influenced the most important endemic species, they were probably preserved by the island＇s microclimates and particular edaphic conditions.
