海河流域地下水储量时变趋势分析

海河流域水资源短缺,水资源供需矛盾突出,地下水供水量占流域总供水量的65%.长期以来,地下水资源被超采利用,然而由于监测地下水储量变化的监测井数量有限且分布不均,很难从流域尺度把握地下水储量的时空变化.本文利用GRACE重力卫星CSR05数据反演推算了海河流域2005～2009年间地下水储量的时序变化,为合理利用地下水资源提供科学依据.为验证GRACE反演推算结果的可靠性,将结果与该流域170眼监测井的数据进行对比分析,结果显示二者的变化趋势基本一致.研究结果表明:海河流域2005～2006年间地下水储量整体有所增加,且增加的幅度在逐步增大,在2006年达到峰值;自2006年起,地下水水储量上升的幅度呈缓慢减小的趋势,一直持续到2007年夏季.随后海河流域地下水储量减少,且减小的幅度变化不大.由此可以看出在该5年中地下水储量变化的整体趋势是逐年较小的.

月球表面微波亮温的时变趋势

为从嫦娥一号微波亮温数据中解译出月表的物理特性参数,须研究亮温随时间的变化趋势(时变趋势).利用嫦娥一号实测亮温数据(部分时段),拟合得到Apollo地区亮温的时变趋势.为了验证拟合函数的合理性,通过改进热传导方程的边界条件,模拟得到Apollo地区亮温的时变趋势,并将模拟亮温时变趋势与实测亮温时变趋势进行对比分析.结果表明:模拟亮温与实测亮温的时变趋势一致,说明亮温模型具有合理性;采用拟合函数对实测亮温数据进行时间归一化,可以明显减小测量时刻不同导致的月表实测亮温的差异.

中国八大综合经济区影子银行发展的动态演进

从相对数和绝对数指标出发,测算中国31个省区市影子银行发展水平,运用Kernel核密度估计研究2008-2020年中国影子银行发展水平八大综合经济区的分布动态演进。研究表明:中国影子银行整体发展水平逐年稳步上升,东部沿海综合经济区发展尤为明显,长江中游综合经济区影子银行发展速度最快;全国范围内影子银行发展水平不断提升,但区域发展不均衡程度未改善,其中东部沿海、黄河中游综合经济区空间差异最明显,北部沿海、西南、西北综合经济区呈缩小态势。

Analysis of Season Change in Jiyang from Meteorological Standpoint

[Objective] The aim was to analyze changing characters of four seasons in Jiyang, providing references for farming and disaster prevention in the area. [Methed] Changing characters of initial time and lasting periods of four seasons in Jiyang for 30 years were analyzed from meteorological standpoint with weather information from 1981 to 2010 observed in surface meteorological observation in Jiyang. [Result] Recent 30 years, initial time of spring and winter in Jiyang were earlier than before, especially for spring. In contrast, initial time of summer and autumn were later, especially for autumn. In addition, periods of spring and winter declined and the latter changed more significantly. Meanwhile, periods of summer and autumn extended and rate of linear trend for summer period was 0.042 hou/year. [Conclusion] The research indicated that lasting days of summer extended significantly and of spring and winter shortened under the background of global warming.

How Well does BCC_CSM1.1 Reproduce the 20th Century Climate Change over China?

The historical simulation of phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5） ex- periments performed by the Beijing Climate Center cli- mate system model （BCC_CSM1.1） is evaluated regard- ing the time evolutions of the global and China mean sur- face air temperature （SAT） and surface climate change over China in recent decades. BCC CSM1.1 has better capability at reproducing the time evolutions of the global and China mean SAT than BCC_CSM1.0. By the year 2005, the BCC_CSM1.1 model simulates a warming am- plitude of approximately I℃ in China over the 1961- 1990 mean, which is consistent with observation. The distributions of the warming trend over China in the four seasons during 1958-2004 are basically reproduced by BCC CSM1.1, with the warmest occurring in winter. Al- though the cooling signal of Southwest China in spring is partly reproduced by BCC_CSM1.1, the cooling trend over central eastern China in summer is omitted by the model. For the precipitation change, BCC_CSM1.1 has good performance in spring, with drought in Southeast China. After removing the linear trend, the interannual correlation map between the model and the observation shows that the model has better capability at reproducing the summer SAT over China and spring precipitation over Southeast China.

Change Point Detection and Trend Analysis for Time Series

Trend analysis and change point detection in a time series are frequent analysis tools.Change point detection is the identification of abrupt variation in the process behaviour due to natural or artificial changes,whereas trend can be defined as estimation of gradual departure from past norms.We analyze the time series data in the presence of trend,using Cox-Stuart methods together with the change point algorithms.We applied the methods to the nearsurface wind speed time series for Australia as an example.The trends in near-surface wind speeds for Australia have been investigated based upon our newly developed wind speed datasets,which were constructed by blending observational data collected at various heights using local surface roughness information.The trend in wind speed at 10 m is generally increasing while at 2 m it tends to be decreasing.Significance testing,change point analysis and manual inspection of records indicate several factors may be contributing to the discrepancy,such as systematic biases accompanying instrument changes,random data errors(e.g.accumulation day error)and data sampling issues.Homogenization technique and multiple-period trend analysis based upon change point detections have thus been employed to clarify the source of the inconsistencies in wind speed trends.

Assessing Changes in Rainstorms in Beijing During the Last 50 Years

With global warming, rainstorms and other extreme weather events are occurring frequently, leading to urban waterlogging disasters. A study on spatiotemporal variation characteristics of rainstorms in urban areas can provide scientific support for the design of urban drainage facilities to mitigate the damage of urban flooding dis- asters. Drawing on daily rainfall data from 20 meteorological stations during 1960-2010, this study analyzed change trends for annual rainstorms in Beijing, using the Mann-Kendall approach and cumulative departure curve as methodology. The results show that annual days of rainstorms in Beijing decreased non-significantly, but the pre-cipitation of rainstorms and annual maximum daily precipitation declined significantly. The frequency of rainstorms generally decreased from southeast to northwest, with the greatest decrease occurring in the southeast plain areas. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of rainstorm risk in Beijing.

Analysis of the Spatio-temporal Changes in Acid Rain and Their Causes in China(1998–2018)

With the rapid development of the economy,acid rain has become one of the major environmental problems that endanger human health.Being the largest developing country,the environmental problems caused by acid rain are of increasing concern with the rapid industrialization and urbanization in China.Recently,many researchers have focused on acid rain.To better understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of acid rain in China,the monitoring data on acid rain from 1998 to 2018 were studied using ArcGIS 10.2.The results show that the proportion of acid rain cities,the frequency,and the area of acid rain were decreasing,however,the situation still remains serious.Overall,the chemical type of acid rain was mainly sulfuric acid rain.However,the concentration ratio of SO_(4)^(2-)/NO_(3)^(-)-decreased by 81.90%in 2018 compared with 1998,and presented a decreasing trend,which indicates that the contribution of nitrate to precipitation acidity has been increasing year by year.This research will help us to understand the distribution characteristics and causes of acid rain in China,and it may provide an effective reference for the prevention and control of acid rain in China.