随着车联网(IoV)的日益普及和发展,其可靠性和安全性保障变得尤为重要。然而,在开放访问的环境中进行通信让智能交通系统的道路安全、通信安全和隐私问题面临巨大挑战。此外,对安全问题的快速响应要求使得实时检测成为越来越重要的研究...随着车联网(IoV)的日益普及和发展,其可靠性和安全性保障变得尤为重要。然而,在开放访问的环境中进行通信让智能交通系统的道路安全、通信安全和隐私问题面临巨大挑战。此外,对安全问题的快速响应要求使得实时检测成为越来越重要的研究课题。分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击可能导致车辆失速或故障、干扰自动驾驶、造成交通拥堵和事故,是所有车联网安全挑战中对自动驾驶安全最为严重的威胁之一。针对车联网环境下的这种安全需求,设计并验证一个分布式拒绝服务攻击实时检测系统,使用信息熵理论来量化车辆流量信息分布,在逐元素滑动时间窗和偏差计算的基础上,提出一种时间复杂度为O(n)的采用“累计时间窗”的算法,结合高斯分布的概率分布模型来实时检测并告警DDoS攻击行为,并通过增加二次确认环节实现算法的改进。使用开源框架Framework For Misbehavior Detection进行的模拟实验结果表明,在VeReMi数据集中,该实时检测系统能够检测包括传统分布式拒绝服务攻击、破坏性女巫攻击和持续速率拒绝服务攻击等多种类型的DDoS攻击,检测准确率达100%,DDoS攻击检测时延达到8 s以内。研究结果能够为未来智能交通系统中分布式拒绝服务攻击的检测提供理论和实践参考。展开更多
Detecting traffic anomalies is essential for diagnosing attacks. HighSp eed Backbone Net works (HSBN) require Traffic Anomaly Detection Systems (TADS) which are accurate (high detec tion and low false positive ra...Detecting traffic anomalies is essential for diagnosing attacks. HighSp eed Backbone Net works (HSBN) require Traffic Anomaly Detection Systems (TADS) which are accurate (high detec tion and low false positive rates) and efficient. The proposed approach utilizes entropy as traffic distributions metric over some traffic dimensions. An efficient algorithm, having low computational and space complexity, is used to estimate entro py. Entropy values over all dimensions are展开更多
By analyzing the variability of global SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies, we propose a unified Nifio index using the surface thermal centroid anomaly of the region along the Pacific equator embraced by the 0.7...By analyzing the variability of global SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies, we propose a unified Nifio index using the surface thermal centroid anomaly of the region along the Pacific equator embraced by the 0.7~C contour line of the standard deviation of the SST anomalies and try to unify the traditional Nifio regions into a single entity. The unified Nifio region covers almost all of the traditional Nifio regions. The anomaly time series of the averaged SST over this region are closely correlated to historical Nifio indices. The anomaly time series of the zonal and meridional thermal centroid have close correlation with historical TNI (Trans-Nifio index) indices, showing differences among E1 Nifio (La Nifia) events. The meridional centroid anomaly suggests that areas of maximum temperature anomaly are moving meridionally (although slightly) with synchronous zonal movement. The zonal centroid anomalies of the unified Nifio region are found helpful in the classification of the Eastern Pacific (EP)/Central Pacific (CP) types of E1 Nifio events. More importantly, the zonal centroid anomaly shows that warm areas might move during a single warming/cooling phase. All the current Nifio indices can be well represented by a simple linear combination of unified Nifio indices, which suggests that the thermal anomaly (SSTA) and thermal centroid location anomaly of the unified Nifio region would yield a more complete image of each E1 Nifio/ La Nina event.展开更多
The association of seasonal timing of stratospheric final warming events(SFWs) in spring and the occurrence of major and minor stratospheric sudden warming events(SSWs) in midwinter were investigated through statistic...The association of seasonal timing of stratospheric final warming events(SFWs) in spring and the occurrence of major and minor stratospheric sudden warming events(SSWs) in midwinter were investigated through statistical analysis, parallel comparison, and composite analysis, based on the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset covering 1958–2012. It was found that the intensity and occurrence of winter SSW events can largely affect the timing of spring SFWs. Specifically, the SFW onset dates tend to be later(earlier) after the occurrence(absence) of winter major SSWs. However, the occurrence or absence of minor SSWs does not change the frequency of early and late SFWs. A parallel comparison of the temporal evolution of the anomalous circulation and planetary-waves between major SSW and minor SSW winters indicates that the stratospheric polar vortex(polar jet) will keep being anomalously stronger 30 days after major SSW onset. And the associated significant negative Eliassen-Palm(EP) flux anomalies can persist for as long as 45 days after major SSW events. In contrast, the circulation anomalies around the occurrence of minor SSW events can last only a few days. To further verify the possible influence of the occurrence of major SSWs on the seasonal timing of SFWs, composite analysis was performed respectively for the 21 major-SSW years, 15 minor-SSW years, and the 15 non-SSW years. Generally, planetary-wave activity in the extratropical stratosphere tends to be stronger(weaker) and the westerly polar jet is anomalously weaker(stronger) in major-SSW(non-SSW) winters. But in the following spring, the planetary-wave activity is weaker(stronger) accompanied with an anomalously stronger(weaker) stratospheric polar vortex. In spring after minor-SSW years, however, the stratospheric polar vortex and the westerly polar jet exhibit a state close to climatology with relatively gentle variations.展开更多
We analyze the relationships between strato- spheric polar vortex anomalies and cooling events in eastern China using isentropic reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Daily mean ...We analyze the relationships between strato- spheric polar vortex anomalies and cooling events in eastern China using isentropic reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Daily mean data from 2000 to 2011 are used to explore the effective stratospheric signals. First, diagnoses of the 2009/2010 winter show that after the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) of the Atlantic-East Asian (AEA) pattern, the stratospheric high isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) center derived from the split polar vortex will move to the northeast of the Eurasian continent. The air mass, accom- panied by some southward and eastward movements and characterized by high IPV values, will be stretched verti- cally, leading to apparent reinforcements of the positive vorticity and the development of acold vortex system in the troposphere. The northerly wind on the western side of the cold vortex can transport cold air southward and down- ward, resulting in this distinct cooling process in eastern China. Secondly, the empirical orthogonal function ana- lyses of IPV anomalies on the 430 K isentropic surface during 2000-2011 winters indicate that the IPV distribution and time series of the first mode are able to represent the polar vortex variation features, which significantly influ- ence cold-air activity in eastern China, especially in the AEA-type SSW winter. When the time series increases significantly, the polar vortex will be split and the high-IPV center will move to the northeast of the Eurasian continent with downward and southward developments, inducing obvious cooling in eastern China. Moreover, all the four times SSW events of AEA pattern from 2000 to 2011 are reflected in the first time series, and after the strong polar vortex disturbances, cooling processes of different inten- sities are observed in eastern China. The cooling can sus- tain at least 1 week. For this reason, the first time series can be used as an available index of polar vortex oscillation and has the power to predict cold-air activity in winter.展开更多
文摘随着车联网(IoV)的日益普及和发展,其可靠性和安全性保障变得尤为重要。然而,在开放访问的环境中进行通信让智能交通系统的道路安全、通信安全和隐私问题面临巨大挑战。此外,对安全问题的快速响应要求使得实时检测成为越来越重要的研究课题。分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击可能导致车辆失速或故障、干扰自动驾驶、造成交通拥堵和事故,是所有车联网安全挑战中对自动驾驶安全最为严重的威胁之一。针对车联网环境下的这种安全需求,设计并验证一个分布式拒绝服务攻击实时检测系统,使用信息熵理论来量化车辆流量信息分布,在逐元素滑动时间窗和偏差计算的基础上,提出一种时间复杂度为O(n)的采用“累计时间窗”的算法,结合高斯分布的概率分布模型来实时检测并告警DDoS攻击行为,并通过增加二次确认环节实现算法的改进。使用开源框架Framework For Misbehavior Detection进行的模拟实验结果表明,在VeReMi数据集中,该实时检测系统能够检测包括传统分布式拒绝服务攻击、破坏性女巫攻击和持续速率拒绝服务攻击等多种类型的DDoS攻击,检测准确率达100%,DDoS攻击检测时延达到8 s以内。研究结果能够为未来智能交通系统中分布式拒绝服务攻击的检测提供理论和实践参考。
基金supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Plan of China under Grant No.2011AA010702
文摘Detecting traffic anomalies is essential for diagnosing attacks. HighSp eed Backbone Net works (HSBN) require Traffic Anomaly Detection Systems (TADS) which are accurate (high detec tion and low false positive rates) and efficient. The proposed approach utilizes entropy as traffic distributions metric over some traffic dimensions. An efficient algorithm, having low computational and space complexity, is used to estimate entro py. Entropy values over all dimensions are
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Nos.2012CB957704,2009CB723903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40506035,40876005)
文摘By analyzing the variability of global SST (sea surface temperature) anomalies, we propose a unified Nifio index using the surface thermal centroid anomaly of the region along the Pacific equator embraced by the 0.7~C contour line of the standard deviation of the SST anomalies and try to unify the traditional Nifio regions into a single entity. The unified Nifio region covers almost all of the traditional Nifio regions. The anomaly time series of the averaged SST over this region are closely correlated to historical Nifio indices. The anomaly time series of the zonal and meridional thermal centroid have close correlation with historical TNI (Trans-Nifio index) indices, showing differences among E1 Nifio (La Nifia) events. The meridional centroid anomaly suggests that areas of maximum temperature anomaly are moving meridionally (although slightly) with synchronous zonal movement. The zonal centroid anomalies of the unified Nifio region are found helpful in the classification of the Eastern Pacific (EP)/Central Pacific (CP) types of E1 Nifio events. More importantly, the zonal centroid anomaly shows that warm areas might move during a single warming/cooling phase. All the current Nifio indices can be well represented by a simple linear combination of unified Nifio indices, which suggests that the thermal anomaly (SSTA) and thermal centroid location anomaly of the unified Nifio region would yield a more complete image of each E1 Nifio/ La Nina event.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB428603)Advanced Talent Program of NUIST(Grant No.2014R010)
文摘The association of seasonal timing of stratospheric final warming events(SFWs) in spring and the occurrence of major and minor stratospheric sudden warming events(SSWs) in midwinter were investigated through statistical analysis, parallel comparison, and composite analysis, based on the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset covering 1958–2012. It was found that the intensity and occurrence of winter SSW events can largely affect the timing of spring SFWs. Specifically, the SFW onset dates tend to be later(earlier) after the occurrence(absence) of winter major SSWs. However, the occurrence or absence of minor SSWs does not change the frequency of early and late SFWs. A parallel comparison of the temporal evolution of the anomalous circulation and planetary-waves between major SSW and minor SSW winters indicates that the stratospheric polar vortex(polar jet) will keep being anomalously stronger 30 days after major SSW onset. And the associated significant negative Eliassen-Palm(EP) flux anomalies can persist for as long as 45 days after major SSW events. In contrast, the circulation anomalies around the occurrence of minor SSW events can last only a few days. To further verify the possible influence of the occurrence of major SSWs on the seasonal timing of SFWs, composite analysis was performed respectively for the 21 major-SSW years, 15 minor-SSW years, and the 15 non-SSW years. Generally, planetary-wave activity in the extratropical stratosphere tends to be stronger(weaker) and the westerly polar jet is anomalously weaker(stronger) in major-SSW(non-SSW) winters. But in the following spring, the planetary-wave activity is weaker(stronger) accompanied with an anomalously stronger(weaker) stratospheric polar vortex. In spring after minor-SSW years, however, the stratospheric polar vortex and the westerly polar jet exhibit a state close to climatology with relatively gentle variations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41205041)Chinese Special Fund for Meteorology(GYHY201406020)+1 种基金National Basic Research Program of China(2012CB417205)LCS Open Funds for Young Scholars(2014)
文摘We analyze the relationships between strato- spheric polar vortex anomalies and cooling events in eastern China using isentropic reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Daily mean data from 2000 to 2011 are used to explore the effective stratospheric signals. First, diagnoses of the 2009/2010 winter show that after the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) of the Atlantic-East Asian (AEA) pattern, the stratospheric high isentropic potential vorticity (IPV) center derived from the split polar vortex will move to the northeast of the Eurasian continent. The air mass, accom- panied by some southward and eastward movements and characterized by high IPV values, will be stretched verti- cally, leading to apparent reinforcements of the positive vorticity and the development of acold vortex system in the troposphere. The northerly wind on the western side of the cold vortex can transport cold air southward and down- ward, resulting in this distinct cooling process in eastern China. Secondly, the empirical orthogonal function ana- lyses of IPV anomalies on the 430 K isentropic surface during 2000-2011 winters indicate that the IPV distribution and time series of the first mode are able to represent the polar vortex variation features, which significantly influ- ence cold-air activity in eastern China, especially in the AEA-type SSW winter. When the time series increases significantly, the polar vortex will be split and the high-IPV center will move to the northeast of the Eurasian continent with downward and southward developments, inducing obvious cooling in eastern China. Moreover, all the four times SSW events of AEA pattern from 2000 to 2011 are reflected in the first time series, and after the strong polar vortex disturbances, cooling processes of different inten- sities are observed in eastern China. The cooling can sus- tain at least 1 week. For this reason, the first time series can be used as an available index of polar vortex oscillation and has the power to predict cold-air activity in winter.