基于改进的时移成像条件的保幅叠前深度偏移研究

为了实现保幅叠前深度偏移,在波动方程保幅偏移方程的基础上详细推导了傅里叶有限差分波动方程延拓算子。由于波动方程叠前深度偏移技术的应用受计算效率的制约,因而,提出了利用大延拓步长进行波场延拓,在延拓层位,利用相关成像条件进行成像。对延拓步长层间的层位,结合含有绕射聚焦项的时移映射函数,对延拓层位上未基于频率叠加的上、下波场的互相关值进行傅里叶逆变换,并结合零时刻成像原理求出延拓层间的成像值。脉冲响应测试和Marmousi模型试算表明该方法可以实现保幅叠前深度偏移,并可以大幅度提高偏移成像效率。

基于时移成像条件的波动方程保幅成像

在波动方程保幅偏移方程的基础上详细推导了单程波方程延拓算子,在二维和三维共炮点叠前深度偏移中,通过使用时移成像条件,在成像的过程中能够计算出延拓步长之间的成像值,对步长之间的成像值进行数值内插。这一方法能够明显提高计算效率,而且不影响成像效果。通过对国际标准的Marmousi模型进行数值试算,结果验证了基于时移成像条件的波动方程保幅偏移方法的正确性和有效性。时移成像条件也可应用于叠后深度偏移。

时移成像条件下的波动方程叠前深度偏移

为提高炮域叠前深度偏移的计算效率,引入时移成像条件进行叠前深度偏移。基于频率空间域有限差分波场延拓算子进行延拓,采用时移成像条件来求取大延拓步长间的层位成像值,成像条件虽然增加一次逆傅里叶变换,但对计算时间的影响却不大。脉冲响应和Marmousi模型的测试结果表明,所提出的方法在得到与小步长效果相当的成像结果的同时,又可以成倍地提高计算效率。

利用时移层析成像方法揭示与2014年云南鲁甸M_(S)6.5地震有关的P波速度变化

基于双差层析成像的时移层析成像方法能够获得不同时间段之间的地下介质的速度变化,且不同的数据分布和质量对结果影响较小.在本研究中我们使用云南地震区域台网所记录到的P波绝对到时及相对到时数据,利用时移层析成像方法得到了2014年鲁甸M S6.5地震发生前后震源区高精度的P波速度变化的时空分布.结果表明:2014年鲁甸地震发生后,震源区同震期P波速度下降,但没有下降至最大,而是在震后1—4个月内下降至最大,接着P波速度开始上升,震源区开始愈合,愈合过程从浅层逐渐发展至深层,逐渐恢复至震前水平.同时发现在空间上P波速度变化与余震分布变化相一致,鲁甸地震同震应力变化与速度变化之间也有较好的一致性,所以认为地震引起的应力变化是造成鲁甸地震速度变化的一个重要原因,余震的动态和静态应力造成了震源区介质物理属性的改变从而影响了P波速度的变化.

利用时移层析成像方法分析2014年云南景谷M_(S)6.6地震震源区的P波速度变化

为了获得2014年景谷M_(S)6.6地震发生前后10a间震源区高空间分辨率的P波速度变化,文中基于2008年1月1日—2017年12月31日由云南区域数字地震台网所记录的景谷地震震源区的地震资料,首先采用双差层析成像方法联合绝对到时和相对到时反演了景谷地震震源区高分辨率的三维P波速度结构,反演结果表明景谷地震的余震序列分布于P波高速异常区及低速异常区的交界处,与澜沧江断裂有所相交的断裂处于低速异常区,这可能与断层中的流体有关。然后采用基于双差层析成像的时移层析成像方法得到了不同时间段之间的P波速度变化的时空分布,并结合已有的地质与地球物理研究成果,对P波速度的变化特征及其机制进行了探究,得到几点认识:1)景谷主震震中附近浅层深度的P波速度最大降幅为0.2%,在景谷主震发生2个月后出现,主要受岩石破坏影响所致。2)5~15km深度处整体存在P波速度上升条带区域,推测该区域为高强度、高阻介质的脆韧性转换带,不受主震发生的影响。在2014年12月6日M_(S)5.8及M_(S)5.9余震发生后,余震分布方向发生了明显变化,震源深度加深,脆韧性转换带受其影响使得P波速度下降了3.8%。3)震后约3a,P波速度上升并超过震前水平,可能在震源区的愈合过程中还包含了2018年9月8日云南墨江MS5.9地震发生前的应力积累过程。

时空移动成像条件及偏移速度分析

首先比较了深度聚焦速度分析和剩余曲率速度分析中的成像条件,然后通过时空移动成像条件得到了时移偏移距域共成像点道集和时移角度域共成像点道集.基于时移角度域共成像点道集,统一了偏移速度分析中通常应用的两个偏移速度判断准则:深度聚焦准则和成像道集拉平准则.最后基于时移角度域共成像点道集,推导了速度更新公式,并设计了速度分析流程.合成数据和实际地震资料上的测试证明了方法的可行性和有效性.

双平方根波动方程偏移速度分析

传统的剩余校正(RMO)偏移速度分析方法基于走时原理,在陡倾角和欠照明地区,因为不能得到充分的角度域信息而失效.本文将展示一种基于波场延拓理论的偏移速度分析方法,即波动方程偏移速度分析(WEMVA).这种方法先利用成像优化方法获得剩余成像,再利用剩余成像反演剩余速度.此类方法继承了波动方程偏移方法的优点和缺点.波动方程偏移速度分析是一种线性反演方法,它要求对Born近似的展开序列作一阶截断.高阶部分的丢失必然带来巨大的截断误差,因此剩余成像必须也进行线性化,以适应大速度扰动和大延拓步长.因此,在此类算法中,剩余成像的获取和线性化是偏移速度分析的关键.在叠前偏移算子中,因为双平方根算子的数学表达式更为简洁,所以本文基于对波动方程偏移速度分析初步讨论,并通过模型验证其原理.

Landslide monitoring in southwestern China via time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography

The dynamic monitoring of landslides in engineering geology has focused on the correlation among landslide stability,rainwater infiltration,and subsurface hydrogeology.However,the understanding of this complicated correlation is still poor and inadequate.Thus,in this study,we investigated a typical landslide in southwestern China via time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography（TLERT） in November 2013 and August 2014.We studied landslide mechanisms based on the spatiotemporal characteristics of surface water infiltration and flow within the landslide body.Combined with borehole data,inverted resistivity models accurately defined the interface between Quaternary sediments and bedrock.Preferential flow pathways attributed to fracture zones and fissures were also delineated.In addition,we found that surface water permeates through these pathways into the slipping mass and drains away as fissure water in the fractured bedrock,probably causing the weakly weathered layer to gradually soften and erode,eventually leading to a landslide.Clearly,TLERT dynamic monitoring can provide precursory information of critical sliding and can be used in landslide stability analysis and prediction.

Amplitude preserved VSP reverse time migration for angle-domain CIGs extraction

An improved method of generating angle-domain common-image gathers（ADCIGs） by VSP reverse time migration（RTM） is introduced in this paper.The formula which is used to compute the receiver wavefield for VSP RTM is modified by adding an amplitude correction term in order to conveniently output amplitude-preserved ADCIGs.Compared with the surface seismic data,VSP data contains much richer wavefields.However,the direct and downgoing waves can bring about serious imaging artifacts in ADCIGs,especially the direct wave.The feasibility and validity of this method is demonstrated by both numerical and real VSP data from western China.Thus,the ADCIGs from this method can provide reliable basic data for VSP migration velocity analysis,VSP AVO/AVA analysis,and inversion.

2014年云南盈江两次中强震发生前后震源区P波速度变化

基于云南地震台网的地震记录,利用基于双差层析成像的时移层析成像方法,开展了2014年5月24日盈江M_(S)5.6和5月30日M_(S)6.1地震前后震源区地下P波速度变化的时空特征研究。结果表明:在盈江M_(S)5.6地震后,震源区的P波速度轻微下降,在M_(S)6.1地震后,相对于M_(S)5.6地震,P波速度继续下降,并下降至最低,下降幅度约为1%,说明P波速度下降的幅度可能与主震的震级大小相关。另外,本研究还观测到P波速度下降与余震分布的时空变化相关,可能是由于余震的动态和静态应力变化造成震源区介质物理性质发生改变,从而导致地震波速度的变化。在两次地震发生后约五年内,震源区P波速度值上升,上升幅度小于震后总下降幅度,但这并不能表明震源区还处于愈合过程中。

Weighted-elastic-wave interferometric imaging of microseismic source location

Knowledge of the locations of seismic sources is critical for microseismic monitoring. Time-window-based elastic wave interferometric imaging and weighted- elastic-wave （WEW） interferometric imaging are proposed and used to locate modeled microseismic sources. The proposed method improves the precision and eliminates artifacts in location profiles. Numerical experiments based on a horizontally layered isotropic medium have shown that the method offers the following advantages： It can deal with Iow-SNR microseismic data with velocity perturbations as well as relatively sparse receivers and still maintain relatively high precision despite the errors in the velocity model. Furthermore, it is more efficient than conventional traveltime inversion methods because interferometric imaging does not require traveltime picking. Numerical results using a 2D fault model have also suggested that the weighted-elastic-wave interferometric imaging can locate multiple sources with higher location precision than the time-reverse imaging method.

4D地震油藏监控的商务问题和技术问题

4D地震油藏监控是一项相对新的技术，主要用于生产中流体和压力前缘在油藏内流动的时移成像。成功的4D地震可以确定出滞油区，给布置新井提供机会；绘制出水驱范围以避免在波及区布置新井位而浪费资金；并且可以识别出优化采油中最为关键的储层流动区间的几何形状和特性。在过去的10年中，4D地震从一系列地球物理实验发展成能为油藏管理增加价值的实际油藏监控工具。但目前它还不是主流技术。本文讨论在4D地震被广泛应用(如当今在石油工业广泛应用的3D地震那样)之前需要强调的一些商务、技术问题。

矿井电法在煤层采动破坏和水害监测中的应用进展

煤层采动破坏容易引起突水事故,严重威胁了矿井的安全生产。煤矿突水事故防治集中于回采前的隐患探查,对回采过程中发育的导水通道尚缺乏行之有效的探查手段。因此,从煤矿顶、底板突水机理分析出发,对比了煤矿井下采用的多参数传感器监测、微震监测以及电法监测等监测方法,其中电法监测因其对煤岩电阻率变化较敏感,在煤层采动破坏和水害监测中得到了广泛应用。矿井电法监测最初主要被用于煤层顶、底板破坏监测,随着矿井电法监测设备的成功研制,相关学者对采动破坏过程的电场响应特征展开了深入研究,矿井电法监测逐渐向水害监测发展,并在井下现场应用中发展出了不同的观测方法。矿井电法监测数据的处理解释目前一般采用视电阻率断面图或电阻率反演成像,因受数据采集中各种干扰因素的影响成像分辨率较低。广泛应用于近地表探测的时移电阻率成像法,通过改进数据采集方式、对数据进行预处理、优化反演方法以及在反演过程中选择合适的正则化约束方法等手段,大幅提高了监测数据的成像分辨率,该方法可同样适用于煤矿井下电法监测数据的处理解释。早期的矿用电法仪器主要用于工作面水害隐患的静态探测,近年来真正意义上的矿用电法监测设备已经研制成功并进入推广应用阶段。随着新版《煤矿防治水细则》(2018年)的施行,矿井电法监测迎来了新的发展机遇。然而煤矿井下施工环境复杂、观测空间有限,矿井电法用于煤层采动破坏和水害监测时尚面临着电磁干扰、一致性校正、成像方法、多解性及水害预警等问题有待解决。针对上述问题,需要进一步提高监测设备的抗干扰能力,改进数据预处理方法,采用时移电阻率成像提高解释精度,同时加强导水通道发育过程电场响应特征及电性变化与水害风险定性关系的研究,最终达到对矿井水害进行监测预警的目的。

Effect of erythromycin on image quality and transit time of capsule endoscopy: A two-center study

AIM: To compare the effect of oral erythromycin vs no preparation with prokinetics on the transit time and the image quality of capsule endoscopy (CE) in evaluating small bowel (SB) pathology. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, blinded (to the type of preparation) review of 100 CE studies, 50 with no preparation with prokinetics from one medical center (Group A) and 50 from another center with administration of a single dose of 200 mg oral erythromycin 1 h prior to CE (Group B). Gastric, SB and total transit times were calculated, the presence of bile in the duodenum was scored, as was cleanliness within the proximal, middle and distal intestine. RESULTS: The erythromycin group had a slightly shorter gastric transit time (21 min vs 28 min, with no statistical significance). SB transit time was similar for both groups (all P > 0.05). Total transit time was almost identical in both groups. The rate of incomplete examination was 16% for Group A and 10% for Group B (P = 0.37). Bile and cleanliness scores in different parts of the intestine were similar for the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Preparation for capsule endoscopy with erythromycin does not affect SB or total transit time. It tends to reduce gastric transit time, but it does not increase the cecum-reaching rate. Erythromycin does not adversely affect image quality. We consider the routine use of oral erythromycin preparation as being unjustified, although it might be considered in patients with known prolonged gastric emptying time.

Tunnel seismic tomography method for geological prediction and its application

Typical existing methods of tunnel geological prediction include negative apparent velocity, horizontal seismic profile, and the Tunnel Seismic Prediction （TSP） method as this technology is under development at home and abroad. Considering simpler observational methods and data processing, it is hard to accurately determine the seismic velocity of the wall rock in the front of the tunnel face. Therefore, applying these defective methods may result in inaccurate geological inferences which will not provide sufficient evidence for classifying the wall rock characteristics. This paper proposes the Tunnel Seismic Tomography （TST） method using a spatial observation arrangement and migration and travel time inversion image processing to solve the problem of analyzing the velocity structure of wall rock in the front of the tunnel face and realize accurate imaging of the geological framework of the tunnel wall rock. This method is very appropriate for geological prediction under complex geological conditions.

Elastic reverse-time migration based on amplitude-preserving P- and S-wave separation

Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector P- and S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration （RTM）. This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.

Application of GPR reverse time migration in tunnel lining cavity imaging

Correctly locating the tunnel lining cavity is extremely important tunnel quality inspection.High-accuracy imaging results are hard to obtain because conventional one-way wave migration is greatly aff ected by lateral velocity change and inclination limitation and because the diff racted wave cannot be accurately returned to the real spatial position of the lining cavity.This paper presents a tunnel lining cavity imaging method based on the groundpenetrating radar(GPR)reverse-time migration(RTM)algorithm.The principle of GPR RTM is described in detail using the electromagnetic wave equation.The finite-difference timedomain method is employed to calculate the backward extrapolation electromagnetic fi elds,and the zero-time imaging condition based on the exploding-reflector concept is used to obtain the RTM results.On this basis,the GPR RTM program is compiled and applied to the simulated and observed GPR data of a typical tunnel lining cavity GPR model and a physical lining cavity model.Comparison of RTM and Kirchhoff migration results reveals that the RTM can better converge the diff racted waves of steel bar and cavity to their true position and have higher resolution and better suppress the eff ect of multiple interference and clutter scattering waves.In addition,comparison of RTM results of diff erent degrees of noise shows that RTM has strong anti-interference ability and can be used for the accurate interpretation of radar profi le in a strong interference environment.

Getting pre-stack time migration travel times from the single square root operator

Improving the focusing capability of pre-stack time migration allows the imaged section to reflect structural characteristics, depth, and interface shape and it is a key step for the preparation of the initial depth migration velocity model. The traditional symmetrical travel time equation is derived based on the assumption of a layered model. It is difficult to achieve the desired effect of focusing in media with strong lateral variation. The nonsymmetrical travel time equation based on Lie algebra and a pseudo-differential operator contains a lateral velocity derivative which can improve the focusing capability even in strongly lateral variable media and also the computation precision of the weight coefficients for relative amplitude preservation. Compared with the symmetrical methods, the nonsymmetrical method is more effective. In this paper, we describe several key steps of nonsymmetric pre-stack travel time calculation and present some test results using synthetic and real data.

Continuous TDEM for monitoring shale hydraulic fracturing

Monitoring and delineating the spatial distribution of shale fracturing is fundamentally important to shale gas production. Standard monitoring methods, such as time-lapse seismic, cross-well seismic and micro-seismic methods, are expensive, time- consuming, and do not show the changes in the formation with time. The resistivities of hydraulic fracturing fluid and reservoir rocks were measured. The results suggest that the injection fluid and consequently the injected reservoir are characterized by very low resistivity and high chargeability. This allows using of the controlled-source electromagnetic method （CSEM） to monitor shale gas hydraulic fracturing. Based on the geoelectrical model which was proposed according to the well-log and seismic data in the test area the change rule of the reacted electrical field was studied to account for the change of shale resistivity, and then the normalized residual resistivity method for time lapse processing was given. The time-domain electromagnetic method （TDEM） was used to continuously monitor the shale gas fracturing at the Fulin shale gas field in southern China. A high-power transmitter and multi-channel transient electromagnetic receiver array were adopted. 9 h time series of Ex component of 224 sites which were laid out on the surface and over three fracturing stages of a horizontal well at 2800 m depth was recorded. After data processing and calculation of the normalized resistivity residuals, the changes in the Ex signal were determined and a dynamic 3D image of the change in resistivity was constructed. This allows modeling the spatial distribution of the fracturing fluid. The model results suggest that TDEM is promising for monitoring hydraulic fracturing of shale.

Optimizing the wavefield storage strategy in reflection-acoustic logging reverse-time migration

In this paper,wavefield storage optimization strategies are discussed with respect to reverse-time migration(RTM)imaging in reflection-acoustic logging,considering the problem of massive wavefield data storage in RTM itself.In doing so,two optimization methods are proposed and implemented to avoid wavefield storage.Firstly,the RTM based on the excitation-amplitude imaging condition uses the excitation time to judge the imaging time,and accordingly,we only need to store a small part of wavefield,such as the wavefield data of dozens of time points,the instances prove that they can even be imaged by only two time points.The traditional RTM usually needs to store the wavefield data of thousands of time points,compared with which the data storage can be reduced by tens or even thousands of times.Secondly,the RTM based on the random boundary uses the idea that the wavefield scatters rather than reflects in a random medium to reconstruct the wavefield source and thereby directly avoid storing the forward wavefield data.Numerical examples show that compared with other migration algorithms and the traditional RTM,both methods can effectively reduce wavefield data storage as well as improve data-processing efficiency while ensuring imaging accuracy,thereby providing the means for high-efficiency and highprecision imaging of fractures and caves by boreholes.