中西美学体系思维模式差异下的时空变量维度研究——以中国山水画与西方风景画为例

本文试图探寻在中西方不同美学思维模式差异下,审美意象所感兴阐发的空间与时间、静止与运动、瞬间与过程不同变量维度的多样性律动转化,从而传达出不同时空维度之间“变”与“不变”的律动互化的多意性,在“不动”中呈现“运动”多次元时空意象拓展,从而体悟艺术作品在这些时空多次元变量维度中呈现出超越性的审美蕴涵。

基于时空维度变量的杭州市轨道交通站点聚类研究

为捕捉由轨道交通站点周边建成环境与客流时变特征的互动关系而反映的站点类型差异,基于地铁刷卡数据与站点周边兴趣点(Point of Interest,POI)数据,分别通过客流时间序列分析和地理加权回归模型进行时空维度聚类变量提取.应用K-means++聚类算法将杭州地铁1、2、4号线站点划分为工作导向型、居住导向型、商业型以及工作-居住混合型4种类型.研究结果表明:该方法相对于传统K-means算法具有更优的性能表现,其中轮廓系数、Davies-Bouldin指数与Calinski-Harabaz指数等3项聚类评价指标的改善幅度分别为30.43%、10.51%、9.02%,因而能够准确识别时空视角下的轨道交通站点类型并反映其客流出行模式,进而为站点客流预测、站城一体化建设等后续研究提供分析依据.

时空CoKriging的变异函数建模

在对地观测中,所研究的地学变量不仅具有时间、空间特征,还受其他变量的影响,采用多元时空相关数据,可以提高时空估值的精度.时空CoKriging是多元时空插值中一种常用的方法,建立时空变异函数和协变异函数是时空CoKriging插值的关键一步.以东北三省为试验区,利用该地区气象站观测数据的月平均空气相对湿度为主变量,引入同时间同位置的月平均空气温度作为协变量,对空气相对湿度和空气温度进行时空变异函数和时空协变异函数建模.实验结果表明,采用和度量时空模型的时空变异函数的随机性空间结构建模的实际拟合效果较好.

基于多维时空数据可视化的传染病模式分析

近年来,诸如非典型性肺炎、甲型H1N1、手足口病等传染病在社会各界引起了广泛关注,传染病的暴发往往具有季节性、空间性和相关性.为此提出了传染病可视分析系统,以直观分析传染病的时空模式,交互挖掘不同疾病、地区之间的关联性和相似性.时间模式通过时序折线图、季节变化堆叠图可视化不同传染病的长期趋势、季节消长规律,同时通过构建时序平行坐标系,交互利用地区分布对比图进行异常值分析.空间模式通过地图分类图以及交叉对比热力图来反应疾病在不同省份的空间分布规律、空间聚类结果以及相似性分析.通过对39种法定传染病的整体、个别趋势以及其中异常值的分析结果,表明所提系统能够综合考虑传染病数据的多维时空特性,可有效帮助用户挖掘传染病传播的时空模式,快速寻找传染病暴发时间节点和空间分布转移事件,从而更好地进行预防、把控和分析.

跑台与地面上步态比较研究

跑台成为步态分析和介入性研究越来越普遍的工具,它是有效采集人体运动过程中步态数据的重要设备。总结适应跑台的时间,不同年龄、运动模式下跑台与地面上步态运动学、动力学参数、能耗的差异。认为:在人体运动中,实际行走的速度、方向与参考物相对运动的速度、方向发生冲突时,会影响步态稳定性;在跑台上步频增加、步长减小,随着对跑台的熟悉,差异会减少并处于较稳定的状态。

Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration Change and Its Impact Factors in Australia

[ Objective] To discuss regional response of reference evapotranspiration （ ETo ） to global climate change and its influencing factors. [Method] Penman-Monteith equation was adopted to calculate ET0 in Australia from 1998 to 2007. Spatiotemporal change characteristics were analyzed by using GIS spatial analysis tools and relationships between ETo and main climate factors were also analyzed. [ Resultsl The results showed that multi-year average ET0 increased from the east and south part to the northwest part and inland, and its distribution was consistent with climate zones. Multi-year average ETo of the whole region was 1 750 mm, obtaining minimum and maximum values in 2000 and 2002 respectively. Regional ETo decreased in the order of summer, spring, autumn and winter; January and December got the highest monthly ET0, while June got the lowest value 79.55 mm. ETo positively correlated with mean temperature and solar radiation, R2 for each were 0.83 and 0.94, while the relationship between ETo and average relative humidity was negative, and precipitation had no significant relationship with ET0. [ Conclusion] This research could provide important reference for crop water requirement study and making irrigation method for Australia.

Spatial-temporal Evolution and Driving Force of Cultivated Land Quality in Henan Province

The purpose of this study was to find out the spatial-temporal rules and driving force of cultivated land quality in Henan Province in the last ten years. Agricultural land grading factor evaluation was used to evaluate the cultivated land quality of 2002 and 2012 in Henan Province, and to research the change laws. Method of correlation coefficient was employed to select the driving forces affecting cultivated land quality evolution. The results indicated that the cultivated land quality in Henan Province increased slightly in the last ten years in general, and in spatial there were unchanged regions, increased regions and decreased regions. The cultivated land quality in spatial presented the trend of good becoming better, bad becoming worse, which should be highly valued in cultivated land quality protection and management. Land development and consolidation projects had significant contributions to increasing the cultivated land quality. Driving forces between the sudden change regions and gradual change regions were significantly different. The paper concluded that the research on the spatial-temporal evolution and driving force of cultivated land quality based on cultivated land quality evolution had important academic significance and practical value.

Temporal Variations of Water Discharge and Sediment Load of Huanghe River,China

Based on the data from gauging stations, the changes in water discharge and sediment load of the Huanghe （Yellow） River were analyzed by using the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method. The results show that the periodic oscillation of water discharge and sediment load of the Huanghe River occurs at the interannual, decadal, and multi-decadal scales, caused by the periodic oscillations of precipitation, and E1 Nifio/Southern Oscillation （ENSO） af- fects water discharge by influencing precipitation distribution and contributes to periodic varations in precipitation and water discharge at interannual timescale. The water discharge and sediment load of the Huanghe River have decreased since the 1960s under the influence of precipitation and huamn activities, and human activities attribute more than precipitation to the reduction in the water discharge and sediment load, furthermore, water abstraction and water-soil conservation practices are the main causes of the decrease in water discharge and sediment load, respectively. The reduction in sediment load has directly impacted on the lower reaches of the Huanghe River and the river delta, causing considerable erosion of the river channel in the lower reaches since the 1970s along with River Delta changing siltation into erosion around 2000.

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentration in the Xijiang River, South China

A whole year analysis of riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the Xijiang River (XJR), South China, showed that the mean riverine DOC concentration (1.24 mg L-1) in the XJR was notably lower than the averaged value (5.75 mg L-1) of the global riverine DOC concentration in several major rivers. There is an inconspicuous monthly fluctuation of the DOC signal in the XJR, but on a semi-yearly time scale, however, the riverine DOC concentration had significant difference between hydrological seasons. The DOC level during the flood season (1.18 mg L-1) was less than that during the non-flood season (1.40 mg L-1). Owing to the concomitance of the flushing and dilution effects of the runoff during the high-water period, the variation of riverine DOC concentration with discharge in the XJR differed from that reported in many other major rivers. The DOC export flux above the city of Wuzhou was about 0.62× 106 g C km-2 yr-1. The DOC transported during the "056" Massive Flood period comprised 30.35% of the annual total, while the discharge accounted for 36.32% of the total annual flow. The characteristics in riverine DOC concentration in the XJR were attributed to the combined effect of the geomorphologic, monsoon climatic and hydrological processes as well as land-use within the drainage basin.

Temporal Variations in Carbon Stock of Pinus roxburghii Sargent Forests of Himachal Pradesh,India

The present study was conducted in Solan Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh covering an area of about 57,158 ha. The aim was to estimate and assess the temporal change in carbon stock of the Chil Working Circle, in two forest ranges of the Division, Solan and Dharampur, over the period of 1956-2011. The inventory data of the working plans of Solan Forest Division from 1956-1957, 1984-1985 and 2002-2003 were used in the present study while field data for biomass estimation was collected for the year 2011.The results showed a declining trend in carbon stock over 1956-1984 period, however, an increasing trend over 1984-2002 was observed, which showed a further increase for the period 2002-2011. These fluctuating trends in the forest carbon stock can be related to increasing anthropogenic pressure on forests and the subsequent introduction of a ban on green felling envisaging efficient forest management, both of which affect the forest carbon pool significantly.

Global Water Vapor Content Decreases from 2003 to 2012： An Analysis Based on MODIS Data

Water vapor in the earth′s upper atmosphere plays a crucial role in the radiative balance, hydrological process, and climate change. Based on the latest moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data, this study probes the spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content in the past decade. It is found that overall the global water vapor content declined from 2003 to 2012(slope b = –0.0149, R = 0.893, P = 0.0005). The decreasing trend over the ocean surface(b = –0.0170, R = 0.908, P = 0.0003) is more explicit than that over terrestrial surface(b = –0.0100, R = 0.782, P = 0.0070), more significant over the Northern Hemisphere(b = –0.0175, R = 0.923, P = 0.0001) than that over the Southern Hemisphere(b = –0.0123, R = 0.826, P = 0.0030). In addition, the analytical results indicate that water vapor content are decreasing obviously between latitude of 36°N and 36°S(b = 0.0224, R = 0.892, P = 0.0005), especially between latitude of 0°N and 36°N(b = 0.0263, R = 0.931, P = 0.0001), while the water vapor concentrations are increasing slightly in the Arctic regions(b = 0.0028, R = 0.612, P = 0.0590). The decreasing and spatial variation of water vapor content regulates the effects of carbon dioxide which is the main reason of the trend in global surface temperatures becoming nearly flat since the late 1990 s. The spatio-temporal variations of water vapor content also affect the growth and spatial distribution of global vegetation which also regulates the global surface temperature change, and the climate change is mainly caused by the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system. A big data model based on gravitational-magmatic change with the solar or the galactic system is proposed to be built for analyzing how the earth's orbit position in the solar and galaxy system affects spatio-temporal variations of global water vapor content, vegetation and temperature at large spatio-temporal scale. This comprehensive examination of water vapor changes promises a holistic understanding of the global climate change and potential underlying mechanisms.

Temporal and spatial variations in the distribution of macroalgal communities along the Yantai coast, China

To explore the impact of environmental variables on macroalgal communities, their temporal and spatial distributions were examined along the Yantai coast, China between April 2010 and March 2011. Macroalgae sampling was conducted monthly at four sites along the coast: Jiahe River estuary, Zhifu Island, Fisherman's Wharf, and Yangma Island. The species composition and abundance, and their relationship with environmental variables were assessed. Along the Yantai coast, 35 macroalgae species were identifi ed, including 24 Rhodophyta spp., 7 Chlorophyta, and 4 Phaeophyta spp. Highest species numbers were recorded in the summer at all sampling sites, except in the Jiahe River estuary. Macroalgae biomass was the greatest in the summer. Year-round, the highest species number and dry biomass recorded at Fisherman's Wharf and Yangma Island was attributed to the substrate type. In summer, Ulva pertusa Kjellman was the dominant species identifi ed along the Yantai coast, which indicates a risk of macroalgae blooms. Our results show that seawater temperature and nutrients appear to signifi cantly affect the temporal and spatial patterns of macroalgal abundance along the Yantai coast. The effects of environmental variables on the macroalgae on the Yantai coast need further study.

Phase Space Prediction of Chaotic Time Series with Nu-Support Vector Machine Regression

A new class of support vector machine, nil-support vector machine, isdiscussed which can handle both classification and regression. We focus on nu-support vector machineregression and use it for phase space prediction of chaotic time series. The effectiveness of themethod is demonstrated by applying it to the Henon map. This study also compares nu-support vectormachine with back propagation (BP) networks in order to better evaluate the performance of theproposed methods. The experimental results show that the nu-support vector machine regressionobtains lower root mean squared error than the BP networks and provides an accurate chaotic timeseries prediction. These results can be attributable to the fact that nu-support vector machineimplements the structural risk minimization principle and this leads to better generalization thanthe BP networks.

Spatial and temporal variations of Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes in the Taiwan Strait,China

The size-fractionated phytoplankton biomass, and the spatial and temporal variations in abundance of Synechococcus (SYN) and picoeukaryotes (PEUK) were measured in the Taiwan Strait during three cruises (August 1997, February-March 1998, and August 1998). The results show that picophytoplankton and nanophytoplankton dominate the phytoplankton biomass, in average of 38% and 40%, respectively. SYN and PEUK varied over time in abundance and carbon biomass, greater in summer than in winter, in range of (7.70–209.2)×106 and (0.75–15.4)×106 cells/cm2 in the abundance, and 1.93–52.3 and 1.57–32.4 μgC/cm2 in the carbon biomass, for SYN and PEUK, respectively. The horizontal distributions of both groups were diurnal but heterogeneous in abundance, depending on the groups and layer of depths. Temperature is the key controlling factor for picophytoplankton distribution (especially in winter) in the Strait.

The identification algorithm for commensurate order linear time-invariant fractional systems

An efficient identification algorithm is given for commensurate order linear time-invariant fractional systems. This algorithm can identify not only model coefficients of the system, but also its differential order at the same time. The basic idea is to change the system matrix into a diagonal one through basis transformation. This makes it possible to turn the system’s input-output relationships into the summation of several simple subsystems, and after the identification of these subsystems, the whole identification system is obtained which is algebraically equivalent to the former system. Finally an identification example verifies the effectiveness of the method previously mentioned.

Historical temporal variation in precipitation over Western Himalayan Region：1857-2006

This study has examined the temporal variation in monthly, seasonal & annual precipitation over the Western Himalayan Region(WHR) and the influence of global teleconnections, like the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) and Southern Oscillation(SO) Indices on seasonal & annual precipitation. The Mann–Kendall non-parametric test is applied for trend detection and the Pettitt–Mann–Whitney test is used to detect possible shift. Maximum entropy spectral analysis is applied to find the periodicity in annual & seasonal precipitation. The study shows a non-significant decreasing trend in annual precipitation over WHR for the period 1857-2006. However, in seasonal precipitation, a significant decreasing trend is observed in monsoon and a significant increasing trend in post-monsoon season during the same period. The significant decrease in monsoon precipitation may be due to weakening of its teleconnection with NAO as well as SO Indices mainly during last three decades. It is observed that the probable change of year in annual & monsoon precipitation over WHR is 1979. The study also shows significant periodicities of 2.3-2.9 years and of 3.9-4.7 years in annual & seasonal precipitation over WHR.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Daily Ranges of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component in the Chinese Mainland

In this paper, we use the daily ranges of the vertical magnetic intensity of approximately 76 geomagnetic stations from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Temporally, we use regressive analysis and FFT analysis to analyze the data. The results show that the Z component daily ranges of all stations have an obvious cyclical variation, the computed Fourier spectra of all data sets have clearly resolved the required periodicities in the data, in the form of distinct peaks at days 365, 183, 22, and 73, and the power spectra of day 365 is the highest in all periods. (2) In terms of spatial variation, the daily ranges show nonlinear variation with latitude in China. The results show the existence of a point of inflexion (maximal value point) nearby at about 25°N, the daily ranges of Z rise from 15°~25°N and have a good linear decrease variation along with 25°~50°N. (3) Compared with the spatial and temporal variations of Z daily ranges with the Sq current inversion, we found that the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges are decided mainly by the spatio-temporal evolution of the Sq current system. (4) If the latitudes of the maximum amplitudes of variation of the vertical component in the geomagnetic quiet days are roughly taken as the latitudes corresponding to the foci of Sq overhead current system, we can see that these latitudes of foci become higher in summer, are lowest in winter and highest during Equinoxes, displaying conspicuous monthly and daily variations. For two successive geomagnetic quiet days, the latitudes of foci may vary ten degrees.

Water Quality Monitoring of the Bezerra River （Cascavel, Brazil） Using SR-TXRF Technique

The present study aims to monitor and assess the water quality of the Bezerra River located in the Western Brazilian Parana state. For the monitoring of river waters, six samplings were established per month during one year. As indicators of the water quality, physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and COD （chemical oxygen demand） were chosen, as well as trace and majority element concentrations. It is noteworthy that the mean annual values of conductivity, turbidity and COD have progressively increased along the river with maximum values after the Cascavel western sewage treatment plant. Only 13 elements were found in the six collection points, but the metallic elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn have shown concentrations above the maximum limits recommended by Brazilian environmental legislation, suggesting the presence of highly polluting anthropogenic sources. Correlation analyses were used to determine the spatio-variability of water quality variables. The six collection sites were grouped into two clusters, with the element composition in the first cluster （sites 1, 2 and 6） being due to strong anthropogenic activities. The study of the Bezerra River water quality could help to develop municipal environmental policies and help with the management of water conservation in the Bezerra River basin.

Chinese Cropland Quality and Its Temporal and Spatial Changes due to Urbanization in 2000–2015

The acceleration of urbanization has led to the occupation of more cropland, especially higher quality cropland, which could pose a huge threat to food security and have other implications for the inadequate cropland resource supply in China. Though the spatial status of Chinese cropland quality has been assessed, its temporal changes since 2000 to 2015 are still not clear. An accumulated probability distribution method was used to determine the criteria of cropland quality using the net primary production data product(MOD17) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS). Then the cropland quality of higher, median and lower production was spatially mapped and its changes due to occupation by urbanization were analyzed through the land use changes(LUCC) data primarily from Landsat TM images in the three periods of 2000–2005, 2005–2010, and 2010–2015.The results showed that of the total cropland reduction area the proportion taken by urbanization increased from47.29% in the early stage to 77.46% in the recent period. The quality of Chinese cropland was dominated by lowand medium-yield fields, accounting for 40.81% and 48.74%, respectively, with high-yield fields accounting for only 10.44% of the total cropland in the country in 2000. The high-yield areas have been seriously threatened by the expansion of construction land fields, with the ratio of high-yield area to total area occupied by urbanization increasing from 9.71% in 2000–2005 to 15.63% in 2010–2015. Spatially, this phenomenon has been moving from eastern and southern China to central and western China, especially in Northwest China where the ratio has arrived at the highest proportion, with 52.97% of high-yield cropland in the total land taken by the expansion by 2015. This study not only provides a method to assess cropland quality but also reveals the threatening trend from the expansion of urbanization on high-quality cropland. More attention should be paid to the latter in land use planning and policies made to prevent threats to food security from declines in both cropland quantity and quality.

Nitrous Oxide Emission by Agricultural Soils: A Review of Spatial and Temporal Variability for Mitigation

This short review deals with soils as an important source of the greenhouse gas N2O. The production and consumption of N2O in soils mainly involve biotic processes: the anaerobic process of denitrification and the aerobic process of nitrification. The factors that significantly influence agricultural N2O emissions mainly concern the agricultural practices (N application rate, crop type, fertilizer type) and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil organic C content, soil pH and texture). Large variability of N2O fluxes is known to occur both at different spatial and temporal scales. Currently new techniques could help to improve the capture of the spatial variability. Continuous measurement systems with automatic chambers could also help to capture temporal variability and consequently to improve quantification of N2O emissions by soils. Some attempts for mitigating soil N2O emissions, either by modifying agricultural practices or by managing soil microbial functioning taking into account the origin of the soil N2O emission variability, are reviewed.