时空GIS的研究与进展

时空GIS是建立在时态数据库、GIS、人工智能等基础上的一种综合型应用性技术,其研究对象是时空世界中遵循着诞生、成长、生存,直至死亡等自然规律的事物和现象的时空信息。虽然时空GIS在理论和实践等环节的研究还不十分成熟,但它是未来GIS发展的一个必然趋势。本文主要在介绍时空GIS的研究意义的基础上,总结概括了时空GIS的概念、发展历史和现状,并对时空GIS研究的难点和方向进行了剖析。

基于GIS的物质—虚拟混合空间中个体活动与互动的时间地理学研究

随着现代信息与通信技术(ICT)的快速发展,人类活动—移动模式正在经历着深刻的变革,这些变革可能会给人们的日常生活以及人类的空间组织带来重大影响。时间地理学提供了一个非常有用的理论研究框架,它不仅可以表达连续时空背景下人类活动受到的各种制约条件,而且能够解析物质空间和虚拟空间中人类活动与互动的复杂时空关系。然而,经典的时间地理学方法并不支持ICT影响下的人类活动与互动行为研究。基于此,本文首先对经典时间地理学中的相关概念进行扩展,使其能够满足物质—虚拟混合空间(AHybrid Physical-virtual Space)中人类活动与互动的研究需要。然后,本文发展了一套时空地理信息系统(Space-time GIS)体系结构,它能支持在时空背景下将复杂的人类活动与互动数据作为连续的时空过程进行组织与管理,同时它还为研究人员提供了一个有益的分析环境,从时空一体化的角度研究现代社会动态发展过程中的人类活动—移动模式与交通需求模式及其相互影响。

城镇地籍数据时空演变研究方法

建立城镇地籍数时空模型,运用时空分析方法,综合分析地籍数据的时间、空间和属性等各基本特征之间的相互关系,挖掘城镇地籍数据中的隐藏信息,探索研究城镇地籍数据空演变规律的方法。

基于TGIS的煤矿回采工作面开采进度及其接替可视化实现

借助时空地理信息系统技术实现煤矿井下回采工作面的开采进度及工作面采掘接替情况的可视化表现,较之以往的图表表现形式,具有很强的直观性。由于时空地理信息系统的基础模型还不成熟,现在还没有一个平台式时空地理信息系统面世,本文在不改变现有地理信息系统数据库结构的基础上对矿山数据的时态管理作一次有益探索。

Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Land Use Intensity of Coastal Zone in China During 2000–2010

Based on remote sensing and GIS techniques, land use maps in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in China′s coastal zone were produced, and structural raster data of land use were further generated to calculate land use intensity comprehensive index(LUICI) for analyzing land use spatial-temporal characteristics at 1 km scale. Results show that: 1) from the perspective of spatial patterns of landforms at a macro scale, there is a significant difference in land use intensity between the north and the south of China′s coastal zone. Hotspots of changes mainly concentrated in metropolitan areas, estuaries and coastal wetlands; 2) elevation is an important factor that controlling land use spatial patterns at local scale. Land use intensity is much higher within areas below the elevation of 400 m and it decreased significantly as the elevation increasing; 3) there is a significant land-ocean gradient for land use intensity, which is low in island and near-shore areas, but high in the regions that 4–30 km far away the coastline because of much intensive human activities; however, in recent decades land use intensity had been promoted significantly in low near-shore area due to extensive sea reclamations; 4) significant differences of land use intensity were also found among provincial administrative units. A rising trend of land use intensity was found in provincial-level administrative units from 2000 to 2010. To sum up, elevation, land-ocean gradient, socio-economic status and policy are all influencing factors to the spatial patterns and temporal variations of land use intensity in China′s coastal zone.

Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Land Subsidence Corresponding to Dynamic Groundwater Funnel in Beijing Municipality,China

Due to long-term over-exploitation of groundwater in Beijing Municipality, regional groundwater funnels have formed and land subsidence has been induced. By combining a groundwater monitoring network, GPS monitor- ing network data, radar satellite SAR data, GIS and other new technologies, a coupled process model based on the dy- namic variation of groundwater and the deformation response of land subsidence has been established. The dynamic variation of groundwater fimnels and the land subsidence response process were analyzed systematically in Beijing. Study results indicate that current groundwater funnel areas are distributed mainly in the southwest of Shunyi District, the northeast of Chaoyang District and the northwest of Tongzhou District, with an average decline rate of groundwa- ter level of 2.66 rn/yr and a maximum of 3.82 m/yr in the center of the funnels. Seasonal and interannual differences exist in the response model of land subsidence to groundwater funnels with uneven spatial and temporal distribution, where the maximum land subsidence rate was about --41.08 mm/yr and the area with a subsidence rate greater than 30 mm/yr was about 1637.29 km2. Although a consistency was revealed to exist between a groundwater funnel and the spatial distribution characteristics of the corresponding land subsidence funnel, this consistency was not perfect. The results showed that the response model of land subsidence to the dynamic variation of groundwater was more revealing when combining conventional technologies with InSAR, GIS, GPS, providing a new strategy for environmental and hydrogeological research and a scientific basis for regional land subsidence control.

Environmental Factors Affecting Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Soil Erosion in Xingguo County, South China

By using soil erosion maps of four different time periods and a digital elevation model (DEM), in combination withthe remote sensing and GIS technologies, soil erosion dynamics in Xingguo County of Jiangxi Province in South Chinawere analyzed on both temporal and spatial scales in soils of different parent materials, altitudes and slopes. The resultsshowed that from 1958 to 2000 severe soil erosion was coming under control with a decreasing percentage of the land undersevere erosion. It was also found that the soils developed from Quaternary red clay, granite and purple shale were moresusceptible to soil erosion and that areas sitting between 200 to 500 m in altitude with a slope less than 3° or between7° to 20° where human activities were frequent remained to be zones where soil erosion was most likely to occur. Theseareas deserve special attention in monitoring and controlling.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in Qingdao Waters,China

Qingdao waters,including both the semi-enclosed Jiaozhou Bay(JB) and the adjacent water out of JB(OJB),have been the areas that are most frequently affected by harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the western Yellow Sea(west of 124°E).In this research,HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters from 1990 to 2009 were investigated using spatial tools in geographic information system(GIS) and are discussed in terms of their connection to temporal variation.Additionally,the effects of each HAB occurrence were further evaluated using a simple model.The calculated results were then visualized using a GIS software to indicate the effects of HABs in Qingdao waters during the entire period.As a result,the OJB was proven to be responsible for the frequent HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters after 2000,although JB was traditionally believed to be the principle source of HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters.In addition,increasing nitrogen and N/P structure imbalance were essential for increasing HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters throughout the entire period,especially for the recent HAB occurrences in the OJB.The results of this research would improve the current understanding on HAB occurrences in Qingdao waters,which would benefit HAB monitoring and the implementation of a control strategy in China as well.

Responses of Spatial-temporal Variation of Karst Ecosystem Service Values to Landscape Pattern in Northwest of Guangxi,China

The responses of spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem service values (ESVs) to landscape pattern from 1985 to 2005 in a typical Karst area of the northwest Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China,were examined us-ing remote sensing and geographic information system techniques in this paper.The total ecosystem service values de-clined significantly from 1985 to 1990,and then increased slowly from 1990 to 2005,almost equaled to the 1985 level.The ecosystem service values tended to decline from the west to the east and from mountainous regions to peak-cluster depression areas in 1985,1990,2000 and 2005 respectively.During the period from 1985 to 2005,the ecosystem ser-vice values have increased in the middle and eastern parts of the study area.Landscape pattern indices,such as total area,largest patch index,contagion,aggregative index,effective mesh and proportion of like adjacencies,are significantly correlated with ecosystem service values.This suggests that ecosystem service values tend to increase with the growth of patch area and patch connectivity.However,there are negative correlations between ecosystem service values and landscape pattern indices,such as division index and patch richness.It indicates that ecosystem service values decrease with patch fragmentation and patch size shrinkage.The ecosystem conditions in the typical Karst area have been improved because of the control measures of rocky desertification.It is important to protect key landscape types,such as woodland,shrub and grassland,and to increase patch size and connectivity to avoid further fragmentation.Furthermore,it is necessary to reduce disturbances to ensure the growth of ecosystem service values and to facilitate the sustainable development in this region.

KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY OF REMOTELY SENSED DATA FROM ECOLOGICAL VIEW——A Case Study of Urban Spatial-temporal Relationship in the Pearl River Delta

From the ecological viewpoint this paper discusses the urban spatial-temporal relationship. We take regional towns and cities as a complex man-land system of urban eco-community. This complex man-land system comprises two elements of ' man' and ' land' . Here, ' man' means organization with self-determined consciousness, and ' land' means the physical environment (niche) that ' man' depends on. The complex man-land system has three basic components. They are individual, population and community. Therefore there are six types of spatial relationship for the complex man-land system. They are individual, population,community,man-man, land-land and man-land spatial relationships. Taking the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta as a case study, the authors found some evidence of the urban spatial relationship from the remote sensing data. Firstly, the concentration and diffusion of the cities spatial relationship was found in the remote sensing imagery. Most of the cities concentrate in the core area of the Pearl River Delta, but the diffusion situation is also significant. Secondly, the growth behavior and succession behavior of the urban spatial relationship was found in the remote sensing images comparison with different temporal data. Thirdly, the inheritance, break, or meeting emergency behavior was observed from the remote sensing data. Fourthly, the authors found many cases of symbiosis and competition in the remote sensing data of the Pearl River Delta. Fifthly, the autoeciousness, stranglehold and invasion behavior of the urban spatial relationship was discovered from the remote sensing data.

Study on spatial temporal model in property management information system

Time is an important dimension for information in the geographical information system. Data, such as the historical state of target property space and related events causing the state to be changed, should be saved as important files. This should be applied to property management. This paper designs and constructs a spatial temporal model, which is suitable to the property data changing management and spatial temporal query by analyzing the basic types and characteristics of property management spatial changing time and date. This model uses current and historical situational layers to organize and set up the relationship between current situation data and historical dates according to spatial temporal topological relations in property entities. By using Map Basic, housing property management and spatial query is realized.

Research on three-dimension ocean observation data integration and service technology

Currently,ocean data portals are being developed around the world based on Geographic Information Systems(GIS) as a source of ocean data and information.However,given the relatively high temporal frequency and the intrinsic spatial nature of ocean data and information,no current GIS software is adequate to deal effectively and efficiently with spatiotemporal data.Furthermore,while existing ocean data portals are generally designed to meet the basic needs of a broad range of users,they are sometimes very complicated for general audiences,especially for those without training in GIS.In this paper,a new technical architecture for an ocean data integration and service system is put forward that consists of four layers:the operation layer,the extract,transform,and load(ETL) layer,the data warehouse layer,and the presentation layer.The integration technology based on the XML,ontology,and spatiotemporal data organization scheme for the data warehouse layer is then discussed.In addition,the ocean observing data service technology realized in the presentation layer is also discussed in detail,including the development of the web portal and ocean data sharing platform.The application on the Taiwan Strait shows that the technology studied in this paper can facilitate sharing,access,and use of ocean observation data.The paper is based on an ongoing research project for the development of an ocean observing information system for the Taiwan Strait that will facilitate the prevention of ocean disasters.

2020年南方电网初步建成安全可靠绿色高效智能电网

近日,广州供电局发布时空大数据云平台（ABCGIS）,利用人工智能、大数据、云计算及时空地理信息系统等新技术,打造数字南网、智慧南网。这是南方电网公司加快规划建设智能电网的一个缩影。近年来,南方电网公司致力于通过智能电网的规划建设解决电网发展不平衡不充分问题,力争2020年在全面建成小康社会之际,公司基本建成具有全球竞争力的世界一流企业,初步建成安全、可靠、绿色、高效的智能电网。去年8月,公司发布《南方电网＂十三五＂智能电网发展规划研究报告》,