辽宁省黑土区土壤养分时空差异化及其与气象因子的关系

通过对2004-2019年辽宁省黑土地进行野外采样及分析,测定土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和pH值4个指标,利用GIS和统计分析方法,研究黑土区土壤养分指标时空特征及其与气象因子的相关性。结果表明,年际间,碱解氮含量整体上无明显变化,速效磷、速效钾含量和pH值呈增长趋势。空间上,碱解氮和速效磷含量呈东高西低分布,速效钾含量呈西南向东北升高分布,pH值呈东低西高分布。降水量对碱解氮的影响最大,风速对速效磷、速效钾和pH值的影响最大,且与速效磷和速效钾呈显著相关。风速对土壤养分的影响最大,应注重土壤养分的变化监测及风速的影响,严格控制氮磷钾肥的施用量,提升粮食综合生产能力。

基于铁路需求侧温度响应的供热系统节能运行策略研究

目的为了解决铁路站区供热系统供热量与各功能建筑需求热量不平衡而导致的能源严重浪费问题,方法提出铁路站区供热系统热源侧与建筑物联动调节的时空差异化运行策略,以响应站区内各建筑室内温度变化需求。首先,分析常规热源侧和建筑物侧运行调节策略,在此基础上研究时空差异化运行策略;其次,以大同某铁路站区供热系统为例,利用Simulink建立供热系统仿真模型;最后,在验证模型有较高准确性的基础上,对比分析3种不同运行策略下系统室内温度动态响应和能耗。结果与热源气候补偿质调节和建筑量调节运行策略相比,热源侧与建筑物联动调节的时空差异化运行策略不仅实现了不同建筑分时分温供热的需求,还有效减小了正常供热时间段和低温供热时间段室内温度波动幅度,提高了室内热舒适性。同时与系统无运行调节相比,热源质调节运行策略节能率为20.7%,建筑物量调节运行策略节能率仅为17.5%,时空差异化运行策略节能率达38.5%。结论本文提出的热源侧与建筑物联动调节的时空差异化运行策略能够满足铁路站区内不同功能建筑的室内变温需求,减小室内温度波动幅度,具有良好的节能效果。

Temporal and spatial differences and imbalance of China's urbanization development during 1950-2006

A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China's urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc.,the urbanization level reduces with the eleva-tion of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of ur-banization in 1950-2006,the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied,and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method,to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China's urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model,the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population,grain output,total agricultural output value,gross output value of industry,tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed,to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.

SPATIAL-TEMPORAL CHANGES AND TRENDS OF AGEING IN CHINA

This study focuses on the development stages of ageing and its regional differences in China based on examination of official statistics and documents. The development of ageing in China has experienced three major stages. Firstly, in the 1950s, low coefficient of elderly population (over 65 years) paced up to primary adult type. Secondly, there was a deeply drop of the elderly population because of natural disaster and political factors in the 1960s. Thirdly, from the 1970s to the end of 20th century, the constant increasing of elderly coefficient made China close to elderly society. With statistic data of population, Logistic model is used to simulate the future development of ageing, and two characteristics of development of ageing are presented. Firstly, as for ageing from 2005 to 2050, the elderly coefficient will grow up significantly from 8.48% to 16.30%. Secondly, after 2025, the increasing rate of elderly coefficient will slow down gradually. The regional differences of elderly population in China can be summarized as follows: 1) the eastern China possesses higher elderly coefficient and huger elder population than the western China; 2) about 47.4% of municipalities and provinces in the eastern China become elderly especially Shanghai, Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, Beijing, Tianjin and Shandong Province; 3) ageing intensity is higher in rural area than urban area but getting close each other, and there are more elderly people in rural area than in urban area. Therefore, these will arose aged care problems, and it becomes important issue to establish the social security system in rural areas as soon as possible for elderly people.

基于居民时空行为的社区日常活动空间测度及活力影响因素研究——以南京市沙洲、南苑街道为例

新时期人本导向的社区生活圈规划转型关注居民的日常活动对社区空间的利用情况,从而反映出居民对社区公共服务设施的使用需求。但目前研究较少关注不同类型居民的差异化时空行为特征,不能有效应对社区居民的差异化需求。论文结合行为地理学的理论,利用手机信令数据,基于居民出行活动的频率和密度测度其核心活动空间和弹性活动空间,分析不同类型人群日常活动特征。以南京市沙洲和南苑街道为例,划定不同社区中,青少年、青年、中年和老年群体的日常活动空间,并从日常活动范围和活力的视角分析居民对社区空间利用的基本特征及群体间差异。研究结果表明,居民的日常活动空间表现出层次性、共享性和方向性,且不同年龄群体的日常活动空间存在显著差异;进一步利用相关性检验分析不同群体社区活力的影响因素,提出考虑不同群体活动空间和设施需求的公共服务设施差异化供给策略。研究有助于完善基于居民时空间行为测度社区日常活动空间的方法,丰富对社区居民差异化行为需求的认知。实证研究的结论对基于居民差异化空间和设施需求的社区公共服务设施配置具有一定指导意义。