考虑探测效能的空空导弹分布式协同中制导律

本文以多枚空空导弹逆轨拦截高速运动目标为背景,提出了一种以协同探测为终端约束的分布式协同中制导律.通过对误差源和误差传递链路进行分析,建立了中末交班概率计算模型,基于虚拟导引点研究了协同视场拼接方法.在视线法向,针对位置协同和角度协同等约束条件,设计了基于高斯伪谱法的最优制导律.在视线方向,基于二阶多智能体一致性理论,设计了分布式时间协同制导律,构造李雅普诺夫泛函证明了该方法可使系统在有限时间达到稳定,并推导出了一致性时间上界.仿真结果表明该制导律可使多弹以各自期望的视线角同时到达指定交班区域,实现视场拼接、协同探测的需求,有效提高了中末交班概率.

一维溃坝洪水波的数值模拟-时空守恒法

应用改进的时空守恒法对一维溃坝洪水波进行了数值模拟,从计算结果与分析解比较可知,该法能够很好地模拟溃坝洪水波,甚至对于下游为干河的情况,依然能得到满意的结果。而且,此方法精度高,有较强的溃坝涌波捕捉能力,可展示溃坝波的运动特性,为溃坝引起的灾害预测和分析及防灾减灾提供一种有效的数值模拟。

上古汉语祖先义“先”字同位结构的语体类型考察

古汉语文献中常见同位结构,但不同典籍中同一语义的同位结构在外在形式上往往差别很大。以上古汉语中常用的祖先义“先”字为例,对《尚书》《殷周金文集成》《左传》《国语》和《史记》中的祖先义“先”字结构的分布情况进行全面考察,发现《尚书》和《殷周金文集成》罕见使用“先”类同位结构,而《左传》《国语》和《史记》中的“先”类同位结构使用频率较高,且《史记》中“先”类的同位组合形式更多样。结合“时空律”和“长短律”等语体定律来看,可知“先”类同位结构拥有更多的时空因素,且不同类型的同位结构亦存在差别。《史记》中出现的新式组合,因为前后项长短不一、结构上前轻后重,展现出更多口语体特征。

Diagnostic model construction and example analysis of habitat degradation in enclosed bay: II. spatiotemporal variations in habitat degradation in Sansha Bay

The process of habitat degradation varies in habitat type and driving force which shows certain spatial and temporal heterogeneity on regional scales. In the present study, a new diagnostic model for enclosed bay habitat degradation was established, with which the spatial and temporal variation patterns of habitat degradation during 1991–2012 in Sansha Bay, Fujian, China was investigated. The results show that anthropogenic disturbance is the major controlling factor for the habitat degradation in large temporal heterogeneity in the bay. On the other hand, the habitat degradation experienced signifi cant spatial variations among six sub-bays. Under the joint action of temporal and spatial heterogeneity, the degradation trend in growing scale shows a more signifi cant correlation with the distribution of local leading industries along shorelines. Therefore, we quantifi ed the main characters of habitat degradation in Sansha Bay, and have understood the relationship between the status of habitats spatio-temporal variation value and the main controlling factor leading to the changes. However, a defi ciency of this research is the lack of or inaccessible to the detailed data, which shall be better solved in the future study for accessing more data from more sources.

Seasonal changes in the demersal nekton community off the Changjiang River estuary

The diversity,community structure and seasonal variation in demersal nekton off the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary was evaluated using monthly trawl survey data,collected between December 2008 and November 2009.A total of 95 species(56 teleosts,11 cephalopods,and 28 decapod crustaceans)from 69 genera,49 families and 15 orders were collected.These species could be classifi ed into six groups on the basis of temporal distribution patterns.The resident crab Ovalipes punctatus dominated the community,both in number and biomass.A clear seasonal succession was observed in the species composition.Cluster analysis revealed three primary seasonal groups corresponding to the samples collected in winter-spring,late spring-summer and late summer-autumn.The highest biomass and lowest diversity were observed in summer,while the lowest biomass and highest diversity in winter.The abundance-biomass comparison curves and community composition suggested that the investigated community was moderately disturbed.The results suggest that reduction in fi shing pressure and in the degree of seasonal hypoxia are essential for sustainable resource management off the Changjiang River estuary.

Research on space-time coupling action laws of anchor-cable strengthening supporting for rock roadway in deep coal mine

In order to obtain space-time coupling relationship of anchor-cable to improve supporting effect for deep coal mine rock roadway, FLAC3D was used to investigate into mechanical characteristics of the roadway whose crosssection shape was vertical wall and semi-circular arch when the roadway was supported by bolts and metal mesh. The results show that the extent of stress concentrations, the range failure zone, and the deformation at the roof center and two spandrels of roadway are greater than those at other positions, except at the floor. The reasonable positions of anchor-cable supporting are the roof center and two spandrels of roadway. The anchor-cable should be installed at good time with bolts supporting after roadway driving be- cause it can improve the stress states of deep surrounding rock around the roadway and control the roadway deformation effec- tively. The engineering practice has proven that the sustained deformation of deep surrounding rocks is effectively controlled when the anchor-cable supporting is adopted at reasonable positions of the roadway at good time.

Unsteady temperature field of surrounding rock mass in high geothermal roadway during mechanical ventilation

To explore the spatial-temporal evolution law of rock mass temperature in high geothermal roadway during mechar^ical ventilation, a series of experiments were conducted based on the physical simulation test system of thermal and humid environment in high geothermal roadway, which is a method independently developed by China University of Mining and Technology. The results indicate that during ventilation, the disturbed region of the temperature extends gradually from shallow area to deep area in the surrounding rock mass of the roadway. Meanwhile, the temperature increases as the exponential function from shallow area to deep, with steady decrease of the temperature gradient and heat flux. As the ventilation proceeds, the relationship between dimensionless temperature and dimensionless time approximately meets Hill function.

Spatial-temporal Evolution Pattern of Agricultural Productivity in Northwestern Sichuan Plateau

Currently, the agricultural growth in developed countries mainly relies on the improvement of productivity, which is also the target for China. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to describe the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of agricultural productivity, to reveal changes in total factor productivity in 2ooo-2olo, and analyze the impact of these changes in northwestern Sichuan plateau, China. Using data envelopment analysis （DEA） and the Malmquist Index, an in-depth study was conducted on agricultural productivity and changes in total factor productivity of 31 counties in northwestern Sichuan plateau. Results indicated that： （1） geographically, counties with optimal efficiency were mainly located in the north of northwestern Sichuan plateau and those with the lowest efficiency, in the south; （2） relative to pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency was the dominant factor in determining agricultural productivity; （3） the redundancy rate of input factors in zolo was slightly lower than that in zooo, thereby indicating an improved utilization of input factors to a certain extent and a great potential for further improving such utilization; （4） during the 2ooo-2olo period, the agricultural total factor productivity had an average annual growth rate of 8.3%, but the growth rates in various regions differed widely; （5） technical progress was the dominant factor promoting the improvement of total factor oroductivitv inagriculture. The disparities in spatial distribution may be due to the differences of natural conditions, former level agricultural productivity between counties. The findings are valuable for the government to make sustainable development policies for agriculture and improving agricultural development in northwestern Sichuan plateau.

Spatial and temporal change patterns of freeze-thaw erosion in the three-river source region under the stress of climate warming

The three-river source region(TRSR), located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, suffers from serious freeze-thaw(FT) erosion in China. Considering the unique eco-environment and the driving factors of the FT process in the TRSR, we introduce the driving force factors of FT erosion(rainfall erosivity and wind field intensity during FT period) and precipitation during the FT period(indicating the phase-changed water content). The objective was to establish an improved evaluation method of FT erosion in the TRSR. The method has good applicability in the study region with an overall precision of 92%. The spatial and temporal changes of FT erosion from 2000 to 2015 are analyzed. Results show that FT erosion is widely distributed in the TRSR, with slight and mild erosion being the most widely distributed, followed by moderate erosion. Among the three sub-regions, the source region of the Yellow River has the slightest erosion intensity, whereas the erosion intensity of the source region of Yangtze River is the most severe. A slight improvement can be observed in the condition of FTerosion over the whole study region from 2000 to 2015. Vegetation coverage is the dominant factor affecting the intensity of FT erosion in the zones with sparse vegetation or bare land, whereas the climate factors play an important role in high vegetation coverage area. Slopes>28° also have a significant effect on the intensity of FT erosion in the zones. The results can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and management of the soil FT erosion in the TRSR.

A comparative study on three EOF analysis techniques using decades of Arctic sea-ice concentration data

Change in Arctic sea ice extent is one of the indicators of global climate changes. Spatio-temporal change and change patterns can be identified using various methods to facilitate human understanding global climate changes. Three empirical orthogonal function(EOF) techniques are discussed and applied to decades of sea-ice concentration(SIC) dataset in Arctic area for identifying independent patterns. It was found that: 1) discrepancies exist in magnitude and scope for each EOF pattern, however, the first two leading EOFs of variability possess high similarities in structure and shape; 2) Even though there are somewhat differences in amplitude of each PC mode, the first two leading PC modes maintain consistent in overall trend and periodicity; 3) There are significant discrepancies and inconsistencies in the third and fourth leading EOF and PC modes. The accuracies of three techniques are further validated in representing the physical phenomena of SIC anomaly patterns.

汉语主语形式的语距功能和言者时空机制——兼谈意体原子的一种类型

本文对汉语主语形式语体对立的语言事实、原理、机制进行了讨论。本文发现,有生命名词主语与无生命名词主语、第三人称代词复指主语与复现NP主语、非语境省略下的零形主语与非零形主语、语境省略下的零形主语与非零形主语四类对立主语形式构成语体对立。其原理是主语位置具有构建其与话语时空远近距离的机能,其远近距离的实现取决于话主与客体的心理距离的远近。话主与主语所言人/物的心理距离近,则话主与话语时空构成近距,有拉近交际距离的功效;反之亦然。这一语体语法机制可称为"言者语法时空律",其实质是以时空性将表达言者的意图语距化,为"意"体原子的一种类型,不仅在汉语中普遍存在,在英语中也有共通性。本文进一步提出"事件时空律"和"言者时空律"为"语法时空别体律(时体原子)"的两大基本类型,二者各具独立的句法域和运作方式,其共同原理是心理距离与交际距离的对应。

改进的时空守恒元和解元方法

近年来美国ＮＡＳＡ路易斯中心Ｓ．Ｃ．Ｃｈａｎｇ提出了一种全新的时空守恒元和解元方法（ＣＥ／ＳＥ）。与传统的数值方法相比，该方法具有许多独特的优点，如它可以在局部和全局都严格保证其物理意义上的守恒律。但是该方法推广到多维情形（尤其是三维）及更高阶格式时既困难又复杂。为此本文对该方法进行了一些改进，把“ＣＥ／ＳＥ”方法与有限差分法结合起来，由此得到的新格式不仅保留了ＣＥ／ＳＥ方法的优点，而且格式更简单、计算量更小，通用性更好，对激波等间断具有很高的分辨率，同时也很容易推广到高阶格式及多维情形。

论侦查活动的基本规律

侦查活动规律是侦查学的研究对象。侦查活动规律是侦查活动本身固有的,反映出侦查活动内在要素之间以及与外界环境之间、侦查行为与反侦查行为之间的最本质的关系。本文在总结当下学者们已有研究成果的基础上,将侦查活动基本规律概括为:主客体相关律、因果关系律、信息传递(或交换)律、时空排查律及专群结合律。

The state and fate of lake ice thickness in the Northern Hemisphere

Lake ice thickness(LIT)is important for regional hydroclimate systems,lake ecosystems,and human activities on the ice,and is thought to be highly susceptible to global warming.However,the spatiotemporal variability in LIT is largely unknown due to the difficulty in deriving in situ measurements and the lack of an effective remote sensing platform.Despite intensive development and applications of lake ice models driven by general circulation model output,evaluation of the global LIT is mostly based on assumed“ideal”lakes in each grid cell of the climate forcing data.A method for calculating the actual global LIT is therefore urgently needed.Here we use satellite altimetry to retrieve ice thickness for 16 large lakes in the Northern Hemisphere(Lake Baikal,Great Slave Lake,and others)with an accuracy of~0.2 m for almost three decades.We then develop a 1-D lake ice model driven primarily by remotely sensed data and cross-validated with the altimetric LIT to provide a robust means of estimating LIT for lakes larger than 50 km^(2)across the Northern Hemisphere.Mean LIT(annual maximum ice thickness)for 1313 simulated lakes and reservoirs covering~840,000 km^(2)for 2003–2018 is 0.63±0.02 m,corresponding to~485 Gt of water.LIT changes are projected for 2071–2099 under RCPs 2.6,6.0,and 8.5,showing that the mean LIT could decrease by~0.35 m under the worst concentration pathway and the associated lower ice road availability could have a significant impact on socio-economic activities.

Analysis of internal tidal characteristics in the layer above 450 m from acoustic Doppler current profiler observations in the Luzon Strait

The characteristics of internal tides in the upper layer of the Luzon Strait are investigated on the basis of direct-observation current data recorded on April 25 and September 26, 2008 by an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Spectral analysis and energy estimation show that the diurnals and semidiurnals carry most of the energy of internal tides. Values of the depth-integrated total energy E for the three frequency bands of diurnal, semidiurnal, and high frequencies are 31, 6.9, and 3.4 kJ. m, respectively. Near-inertial peaks are only present in the baroclinic component. The behavior of typical tidal frequencies （i.e., O1, K1, M2, MK3, and M4） and the near-inertial frequency is basically consistent with linear internal wave theory, which predicts E＋（ω）/E_（ω）=（ω-f）2/（ω＋f）2 at depths above 66 m, while not all prominent tidal components coincide well with the relation of the linear internal wave field at other depths. Examinations of depth structures of the baroclinic tides and temporal variations show that the surface tides and internal tides are both of mixed type, having diurnal inequality and spring-neap fortnight periods. The K1 and O1 tides have comparable cross- and along-shelf components, while the M2 and S2 tides propagate toward the shelf in the northern South China Sea as wave beams. The amplitude and phase of internal tides vary with time, but M2 and S2 tides appear to have structures dominated by the first mode, while the K1 and O1 tides resemble second-mode structures. The minor to major axis ratios are close to expected values of flω in the thermocline.

Research into tritium and helium-3 contents distributions in steel wall of spherical pressure vessel

The tritium quantity stored in a steel pressure vessel decreases with time because of helium-3 decay and permeation of tritium into the steel wall of the pressure vessel.Meanwhile,the tritium quantity permeating into the steel wall also decreases with time due to helium-3 decay and diffusion in and out of the wall of tritium.Tritium and helium-3 in the steel wall will cause hydrogen and helium embrittlement of the wall material,respectively,and thereby change the carrying capacity of the vessel.Taking contemporarily both decay and permeation of tritium within the vessel and decay and diffusion of tritium having permeated into the wall into consideration,the governing equations of tritium and helium-3 contents in the wall were established and solved,and relevant formulas were deduced.Through analytical calculations,curves of tritium and helium-3 contents versus radius and time were theoretically plotted,the contents spatio-temporal distributions laws were obtained,and a law about helium-3 contents distribution in steel wall of a spherical pressure vessel was discovered which was called the law of double helium-3 content.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of epidemic spread in-out flow——Using SARS epidemic in Beijing as a case study

For better detecting the spatial-temporal change mode of individual susceptible-infected-symptomatic-treated-recovered epidemic progress and the characteristics of information/material flow in the epidemic spread network between regions,the epidemic spread mechanism of virus input and output was explored based on individuals and spatial regions.Three typical spatial information parameters including working unit/address,onset location and reporting unit were selected and SARS epidemic spread in-out flow in Beijing was defined based on the SARS epidemiological investigation data in China from 2002 to 2003 while its epidemiological characteristics were discussed.Furthermore,by the methods of spatial-temporal statistical analysis and network characteristic analysis,spatial-temporal high-risk hotspots and network structure characteristics of Beijing outer in-out flow were explored,and spatial autocorrelation/heterogeneity,spatial-temporal evolutive rules and structure characteristics of the spread network of Beijing inner in-out flow were comprehensively analyzed.The results show that(1)The outer input flow of SARS epidemic in Beijing concentrated on Shanxi and Guangdong provinces,but the outer output flow was disperse and mainly includes several north provinces such as Guangdong and Shandong.And the control measurement should focus on the early and interim progress of SARS breakout.(2)The inner output cases had significant positive autocorrelative characteristics in the whole studied region,and the high-risk population was young and middle-aged people with ages from 20 to 60 and occupations of medicine and civilian labourer.(3)The downtown districts were main high-risk hotspots of SARS epidemic in Beijing,the northwest suburban districts/counties were secondary high-risk hotspots,and northeast suburban areas were relatively safe.(4)The district/county nodes in inner spread network showed small-world characteristics and information/material flow had notable heterogeneity.The suburban Tongzhou and Changping districts were the underlying high-risk regions,and several suburban districts such as Shunyi and Huairou were the relatively low-risk safe regions as they carried out minority information/material flow.The exploration and analysis based on epidemic spread in-out flow help better detect and discover the potential spatial-temporal evolutive rules and characteristics of SARS epidemic,and provide a more effective theoretical basis for emergency/control measurements and decision-making.

Morphological evolution of the solid-liquid interface near grain boundaries during directional solidification

Morphological evolution of the solid-liquid interface near grain boundaries has been studied during directional solidification of succinonitrile-based transparent alloys (SCN-0.9wt%DCB). Experimental results show that the grain boundary provides the starting point of morphological instability of the solid-liquid interface. The initial perturbation near the grain boundary is significantly larger than other perturbations on the interface. The initial shape of the interface and the competition between the thermal direction and preferred crystalline orientations determine the subsequent growth pattern selections. The temporal variations of the curvature radius of cell/ridge tips near the grain boundary have also been studied when the instability occurs. This process is divided into three parts. As the pulling velocity increases, dendrites at the grain boundary grow in two different directions to form a bicrystal microstructure. Side branches on either side of the dendrite exhibit different growth patterns.

Quasi-Local Masses of Rotating Space-Times

We derive the Misner-Sharp-like masses Dilaton-Axion black hole by using the modified first of the Reissner-Nordstr6m black hole and the Einstein-Maxwell- law of thermodynamics. Their surface tensions are investigated. For the Reissner-NordstrSm black hole, the outer horizon radius is treated as a variable and the effective temperature is introduced. For the Einstein-Maxwe11-Dilaton-Axion black hole, the outer horizon radius, the angular momentum unit mass and the parameter b are seen as three independent variables, and the mass, the horizon area and the angular momentum are functions of them.

Gravitational Deflection of Light in Rindler-Type Potential as a Possible Resolution to the Observations of Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558

The surface density Σ-map and the convergence κ-map of Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 show that the center of baryonic matters separates from the center of gravitational force,and the distribution of gravitational force do not possess spherical symmetry.This hints that a modified gravity with difference to Newtonian inverse-square law at large scale,and less symmetry is worth investigating.In this paper,we study the dynamics in Randers-Finsler spacetime.The Newtonian limit and gravitational deflection of light in a Rindler-type potential is focused in particular.It is shown that the convergence in Finsler spacetime could account for the observations of Bullet Cluster.