基于小波变换时能密度法的隧道空洞充填物识别

灰岩地区隧道修建过程中,制约安全高效建设的最主要因素是隧道掘进工作面前方的不良地质情况,加之溶洞、断层与破碎带等不良地质具有较强的隐蔽性,如何提高隧道短距离超前地质预报的判释水平显得尤为重要。为便于对地质雷达信号图谱特征进行定量解释,开展了基于时域有限差分法的正演模拟与室内物理模型实验。在小波变换与奇异性检测原理的基础上,构造了与地质雷达发射子波波形相似度高的雷达小波基,添加到小波分析工具箱中,提出了一种新的基于雷达小波基的小波变换时能密度法,将其应用于空洞充填物正演模拟与模型实验地质雷达信号的定量识别,并与波形分析法、Db4小波变换法和雷达小波变换法的识别结果进行比较。研究结果表明,波形分析法虽能有效识别空洞充填物的尺寸大小,但需通过反射系数等先验知识来确定空洞充填物的界面反射位于波峰或波谷;Db4小波变换模极大值法易得到地质雷达信号奇异点,但奇异点的提取位置与不同小波基的时频局部化特征有关,Db4小波变换法识别结果的相对误差约15%;雷达小波变换模极大值法与小波变换时能密度法的识别效果均较好,但小波变换时能密度法的分辨率更高,且不需选择最优尺度。当空洞充填物的尺寸大于电磁波波长时,小波变换时能密度法识别结果的相对误差小于5%。

基于时能密度的围岩爆破安全判据实验

为了研究爆破震动荷载作用下巷道围岩的多因素综合安全判据,根据实际工程巷道制作缩尺巷道围岩模型,通过光纤光栅锚杆对巷道围岩在不同围岩压力、不同巷道损伤状态下的爆破震动响应信号进行监测,并对信号进行小波分解,基于时能密度函数计算响应信号的TEDI值,初步建立巷道围岩安全判据。结果显示,TEDI值与巷道围岩损伤程度存在定量关系,基于时能密度函数所建立的巷道围岩安全判据具有较高的可靠性,实际应用中可作为核心技术发展监测、诊断、预警技术,形成金属矿山巷道围岩稳定性评估体系。

基于小波变换时能密度法的爆破振动信号分析

当前,爆破振动信号分析以时频分析为主,尚未从能量的角度对信号进行研究。本研究基于小波变换时能密度法对爆破振动信号进行分析。先利用Mallat算法对信号的局部信息进行小波分解,再根据时能密度曲线得到各时刻的能量大小,然后统计各频带信号的能量密度随时间变化的数据,最后采用该方法对里岩垄坑2号双洞隧道的5组爆破振动信号进行了分析。研究结果表明:距离爆心越近,爆破释放的能量就越强。其中,小波分解频带为d2、d3区间的能量占爆破总能量的93.33%;最大能量比率的小波分解频带为d2,其对应的振速与频率均符合爆破安全规程的规定。该方法为爆破振动安全评估提供了新途径,也可为爆破振动机理的研究提供借鉴。

Evolution of mechanical properties,localized corrosion resistance and microstructure of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging

The evolution of mechanical properties,localized corrosion resistance of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging(NIA)was investigated by hardness test,electrical conductivity test,tensile test,intergranular corrosion test,exfoliation corrosion test,slow strain rate tensile test and electrochemical test,and the mechanism has been discussed based on microstructure examination by optical microscopy,electron back scattered diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy.The NIA treatment includes a heating stage from 40℃to 180℃with a rate of 20℃/h and a cooling stage from 180℃to 40℃with a rate of 10℃/h.The results show that the hardness and strength increase rapidly during the heating stage of NIA since the increasing temperature favors the nucleation and the growth of strengthening precipitates and promotes the transformation of Guinier-Preston(GPI)zones toη'phase.During the cooling stage,the sizes ofη'phase increase with a little change in the number density,leading to a further slight increase of the hardness and strength.As NIA proceeds,the corroded morphology in the alloy changes from a layering feature to a wavy feature,the maximum corrosion depth decreases,and the reason has been analyzed based on the microstructural and microchemical feature of precipitates at grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries.

Effect of interrupted aging on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 7A75 aluminum alloy

The effects of interrupted aging on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 7A75 aluminum alloy extruded bar were investigated through various analyses,including electrical conductivity,mechanical properties,local corrosion properties,and slow strain rate tensile stress corrosion tests.Microstructure characterization techniques such as metallographic microscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)were also employed.The results indicate that the tensile strength of the alloy produced by T6I6 aging is similar to that produced by T6I4 aging,and it even exceeds 700 MPa.Furthermore,the yield strength increases by 52.7 MPa,reaching 654.8 MPa after T6I6 aging treatment.The maximum depths of intergranular corrosion(IGC)and exfoliation corrosion(EXCO)decrease from 116.3 and 468.5μm to 89.5 and 324.3μm,respectively.The stress corrosion factor also decreases from 2.1%to 1.6%.These findings suggest that the alloy treated with T6I6 aging exhibits both high strength and excellent stress corrosion cracking resistance.Similarly,when the alloy is treated with T6I4,T6I6 and T6I7 aging,the sizes of grain boundary precipitates(GBPs)are found to be 5.2,18.4,and 32.8 nm,respectively.The sizes of matrix precipitates are 4.8,5.7 and 15.7 nm,respectively.The atomic fractions of Zn in GBPs are 9.92 at.%,8.23 at.%and 6.87 at.%,respectively,while the atomic fractions of Mg are 12.66 at.%,8.43 at.%and 7.00 at.%,respectively.Additionally,the atomic fractions of Cu are 1.83 at.%,2.47 at.%and 3.41 at.%,respectively.

引水隧洞电子雷管爆破震动特征研究

研究目的:受线路位置的限制,处于市区的浅埋隧道往往近距离穿越一些地表建筑物,施工环境十分复杂。爆破开挖会影响到建筑物的安全,引发工程爆破事故纠纷。本文以杭州市钱塘江引水入城工程浅埋段爆破为例,分析电子雷管爆破震动和普通雷管爆破震动的特点,为解决复杂环境条件下控制爆破问题提供依据。研究结论:通过对杭州市钱塘江引水入城工程浅埋段爆破震动测试数据分析,得出:(1)电子雷管爆破震动峰值震速低、持续时间短、波形均匀、稳定性好,减震效果明显;(2)电子雷管爆破震动频带范围宽,呈现多峰特征,高频成分相对较多,其时能密度曲线峰值多而密集,无明显分离的突峰点,逐孔起爆的干扰和叠加作用明显;(3)电子雷管精度高、安全性能好,能够有效改善爆破效果和降低炸药单耗,综合效益显著;(4)本工程所采取的控制爆破和隧洞支护措施取得了较好的应用效果,对城市浅埋段控制爆破有一定的参考意义。

高地应力环境下梯段爆破诱发振动特征的试验研究

采用傅里叶变换和小波变换等方法,对露天梯段爆破与高地应力环境下梯段爆破的实测数据进行对比分析,对高地应力环境下爆破施工所诱发振动的特征进行研究。分析结果表明:在岩性、钻爆参数相近的情况下,高地应力条件下梯段爆破的主频较高,而露天梯段爆破的主频则相对较低;露天梯段爆破诱发的振动主要来源于爆破荷载作用,而高地应力条件下梯段爆破诱发的振动为爆炸荷载作用产生的振动和地应力动态卸载产生的振动的叠加;地应力水平越高,初始地应力动态卸载所诱发的振动就越大。

难忘那缕油墨香

1988年9月,稚嫩青涩的我大学毕业,满怀着无限憧憬,来到枣庄市第十九中学——山东省最南端的乡村初中,担任初二两个班的语文教学,兼一个班的班主任工作. 一个月后,教研组长安排我命制月考试卷,我满口答应.可是,当师生纷纷放学离校后,面对黑漆漆的夜空,我一个人坐在空荡荡的办公室里,却犯起愁来:油印试卷谈何容易.平时看到别人印过,可自己却从未操刀.幸好,我模糊地知道油印试卷必须完成三步工作: 第一步要选题.当时一无计算机、互联网可查阅;二无更多的书面资料能参考.我只好不停地翻看课本和教参,冥思苦想,熬了个通宵,好歹把试题内容找齐了.怀着忐忑的心情,期盼着组长验收时能顺利过关.

临近铁路爆破对其振动影响的监测分析

临近铁路开挖爆破,会引起铁路振动响应。为确保铁路安全,对爆破振动进行实时监测、对实测数据回归分析,并基于MATLAB软件信号分析处理平台对轨道处振动信号进行时-能分析;提出了不同爆心距的最大一段安全起爆药量,并增大排间毫秒延时来减少爆破振动的叠加所造成的危害。

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA27 alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA27 alloy were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and mechanical characterization.The results indicated that the as-cast microstructure of the alloy was mainly composed of α,decomposed β,η and ε phases.After solid solution treatment at 365 ℃ for 1 h,α and η phases dissolved,and the microstructure of specimen was mainly composed of the supersaturated β phases.The phase decomposition of supersaturated ZA27 alloy is a two-stage phase transformation：the decomposition of the supersaturated β phase at the early stage of aging,and with the increase of aging time,ε phase decomposition through a four-phase transformation：α＋ε→T ＇＋ η.A good combination of high tensile elongation and reasonable strength can be achieved by suitable heat treatments.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg_(94)Zn_2Y_4 extruded alloy with long-period stacking ordered structure

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg94Zn2Y4 extruded alloy containing long-period stacking ordered structures were systematically investigated by SEM and TEM analyses. The results show that the 18R-LPSO structure and α-Mg phase are observed in cast Mg94Zn2Y4 alloy. After extrusion, the LPSO structures are delaminated and Mg-slices with width of 50-200 nm are generated. By ageing at 498 K for 36 h, the ageing peak is attained andβ′phase is precipitated. Due to this novel precipitation, the microhardness ofα-Mg matrix increases apparently from HV108.9 to HV129.7. While the microhardness for LPSO structure is stabilized at about HV145. TEM observations and SAED patterns indicate that the β′ phase has unique orientation relationships betweenα-Mg and LPSO structures, the direction in the close-packed planes ofβ′precipitates perpendicular to that ofα-Mg and LPSO structures. The ultimate tensile strength for the peak-aged alloy achieves 410.7 MPa and the significant strength originates from the coexistence ofβ′precipitates and 18R-LPSO structures.

Delay and Energy Efficient Design of an On-Chip Bus with Repeaters Using a New Spatial and Temporal Encoding Technique

On-chip global buses in deep sub-micron designs consume significant amounts of energy and have large propagation delays. Thus, minimizing energy dissipation and propagation delay is an important design objective. In this paper, we propose a new spatial and temporal encoding approach for generic on-chip global buses with repeaters that enables higher performance while reducing peak energy and average energy. The proposed encoding approach exploits the benefits of a temporal encoding circuit and spatial bus-invert coding techniques to simultaneously eliminate opposite transitions on adjacent wires and reduce the number of self-transitions and coupling-transitions. In the design process of applying encoding techniques for reduced bus delay and energy, we present a repeater insertion design methodology to determine the repeater size and inter-repeater bus length, which minimizes the total bus energy dissipation while satisfying target delay and slew-rate constraints. This methodology is employed to obtain optimal energy versus delay trade-offs under slew-rate constraints for various encoding techniques.

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Application on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaves and Grain Yield of Wheat

[Objective] The aim was to provide a scientific and rational water,nitrogen model for achieving high yield,high quality of wheat and water and fertilizer saving.[Method] Under the field conditions,the effects of irrigation frequencies and N application times on net photosynthetic rate（Pn）,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaf and yield of wheat was studied.[Result] The differences on Pn,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm,qP,qN of flag leaves and yield of wheat among different irrigation times had reached a significant level,and the difference between treatment without irrigation and irrigation treatments were relatively large;the difference on Pn,Fv/Fo,Fv/Fm,qP and qN between treatments of basal application of N fertilizer and N application（40%）in returning green stage was not significant,however,the photosynthetic parameters and yield of two treatments were obviously lower than that of N application（40%）in jointing stage or booting stage.[Conclusion] The effects of irrigation frequencies and N application times showed significant interaction effects on photosynthetic characteristics of wheat flag leaves and yield,in which W2N4 treatment combination was best.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and thermophysical properties of diamond/2024 Al composites

50%diamond particle （5μm） reinforced 2024 aluminum matrix （diamond/2024 Al） composites were prepared by pressure infiltration method. Diamond particles were distributed uniformly without any particle clustering, and no apparent porosities or significant casting defects were observed in the composites. The diamond-Al interfaces of as-cast and annealed diamond/2024 Al composites were clean, smooth and free from interfacial reaction product. However, a large number of Al2Cu precipitates were found at diamond-Al interface after aging treatment. Moreover, needle-shaped Al2MgCu precipitates in Al matrix were observed after aging treatment. The coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE） of diamond/2024 Al composites was about 8.5×10-6 °C-1 between 20 and 100 °C, which was compatible with that with chip materials. Annealing treatment showed little effect on thermal expansion behavior, and aging treatment could further decrease the CTE of the composites. The thermal conductivity of obtained diamond/2024 Al composites was about 100 W/（m？K）, and it was slightly increased after annealing while decreased after aging treatment.

Effects of dwell time during sintering on electrical properties of 0.98(K_(0.5)Na_(0.5))NbO_3-0.02LaFeO_3 ceramics

The effects of dwell time on the phase structure, microstructure, and electrical properties were investigated for the 0.98（K0.sNa0.5）NbO3-0.02LaFeO3 ceramics （abbreviated as 0.98KNN-0.02LF）. All the ceramics sintered for different dwell time are of pure phase and the peak intensity of the 0.98KNN-0.02LF ceramics becomes stronger with a longer dwell time. Denser microstructures with larger grain size are developed for the sample with a longer dwell time. The maximum dielectric permittivity decreases with increasing the dwell time, and the deteriorative dielectric properties are due to the increasing grain size and the domain wall motion. Ferroelectric properties results indicate that 2Pr value slightly decreases with increasing the dwell time, while the 2Ec value increases. Consequently, the 0.98KNN-0.02LF ceramic sintered at 1150 ℃ for 2 h shows optimum dielectric properties （er=2253 and tan fi〈5%） and ferroelectric properties （2Pr=34.51 gC/cm2 and 2Ec=5.07 kV/mm）.

Method for calculating the capacity of bus bay

The bus operating characteristics are analyzed at the bus bay using the trajectories depending on the current status of buses. On this basis, a method for calculating the capacity of the bus bay is developed, which considers the queue probability, the dwell time distribution and the waiting time for a gap in the traffic stream at the curb lane. Then, the distribution model of the dwell time is developed using the survey data of Hangzhou city. And the log-normal distribution shows the best fitting performance. The capacities of the bus bay are computed with the Matlab program under different distribution parameters of the dwell time and different traffic volumes at the curb lane. The results show a large range of traffic capacity as the distribution parameters and traffic volumes change. Finally, the proposed model is validated by measurement and simulation, and the average relative errors between the calculated values and the measured and simulated values are 8.78% and 5.28%, respectively.

Freak wave simulation based on nonlinear model and the research on the time-frequency energy spectrum of simulation results

VOF （volume of fluid） method has been used to make the numerical simulation of freak wave come true. The comparisons between the numerical results and linear theoretical results corresponding to Eq.（5） have been carried out to show that the numerical results have a better exhibition of nonlinear characteristics. Wavelet analysis method has been adopted to investigate the time-frequency energy spectrum of simulation freak waves and the results reveal strong nonlinear interaction enables energy to be transferred to high harmonics during the progress of its formation. Varying water depth can enhance the nonlinear interaction, making much more energy be transferred to high harmonics and freak waves with higher asymmetry be generated.

Time-temperature-property curves for quench sensitivity of 6063 aluminum alloy

The quench sensitivity of 6063 alloy was investigated via constructing time-temperature-property（TTP） curves by interrupted quenching technique and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） analysis.The results show that the quench sensitivity of 6063 alloy is lower than that of 6061 or 6082 alloy,and the critical temperature ranges from 300 to 410℃ with the nose temperature of about 360℃.From TEM analysis,heterogeneous precipitate β-Mg2Si is prior to nucleate on the（AlxFeySiz） dispersoids in the critical temperature range,and grows up most rapidly at the nose temperature of 360℃.The heterogeneous precipitation leads to a low concentration of solute,which consequently reduces the amount of the strengthening phase β＇＇ after aging.In the large-scale industrial production of 6063 alloy,the cooling rate during quenching should be enhanced as high as possible in the quenching sensitive temperature range（410-300℃） to suppress the heterogeneous precipitation to get optimal mechanical properties,and it should be slowed down properly from the solution temperature to 410℃ and below 300℃ to reduce the residual stress.

Influence of Li addition on mechanical property and aging precipitation behavior of A1-3.5Cu-1.5Mg alloy

The influence of Li addition on mechanical property and aging precipitation behavior of Al-3.5Cu-1.5Mg alloy was investigated by tensile test,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）.The results show that the tensile strength can be significantly improved with the slightly decreased ductility and the form of fracture morphology is converted from ductile fracture into ductile/britde mixed fracture by adding 1.0%Li.Besides,the peak aging time at 185 ℃ is delayed from 12 to 24 h and the main precipitation phase S（Al2CuMg） is converted into S＇（Al2CuMg）＋δ（Al3Li）,while the formation of S＇（Al2CuMg） is delayed.

Feature Extraction of Acoustic/Seismic Signal of Target

A microphone and a seismic sensor always become a basic unit of UGS(unattended ground sensors) system. The mechanism of acoustic and seismic property of target and its propagation are described. The acoustic and seismic signals of targets are analyzed with time frequency distribution according to its non stationary property. Narrow band energy function (NEF) and local power spectral density (LPSD) are proposed to extract features for target identification. Experiment results show that local power spectral density indicates corresponding target clearly.