The present work discusses a systematic approach to model grinding parameters of coal in a ball mill. A three level Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology using second order model was applied to...The present work discusses a systematic approach to model grinding parameters of coal in a ball mill. A three level Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology using second order model was applied to the experiments done according to the model requirement. Three parameters ball charge (numbers 10-20), coal content (100-200 g) and the grinding time (4-8 rain) were chosen for the experiments as well as for the modeling work. Coal fineness is defined as the dso (80 % passing size). A quadratic model was developed to show the effect of parameters and their interaction with fineness of the product. Three different sizes (4, 1 and 0.65 mm) of Indian coal were used. The model equations for each fraction were developed and different sets of experiments were performed. The predicted values of the fineness of coal were in good agreement with the experimental results (R2 values of dso varies between 0.97 and 0.99). Fine size of three different coal sizes were obtained with larger ball charge with less grinding time and less solid content. This work represents the efficient use of response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design use for grinding of Indian coal.展开更多
Large amplitude internal solitary waves(ISWs) often exhibit highly nonlinear effects and may contribute significantly to mixing and energy transporting in the ocean.We observed highly nonlinear ISWs over the continent...Large amplitude internal solitary waves(ISWs) often exhibit highly nonlinear effects and may contribute significantly to mixing and energy transporting in the ocean.We observed highly nonlinear ISWs over the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea(19°35'N,112°E) in May 2005 during the Wenchang Internal Wave Experiment using in-situ time series data from an array of temperature and salinity sensors,and an acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP).We summarized the characteristics of the ISWs and compared them with those of existing internal wave theories.Particular attention has been paid to characterizing solitons in terms of the relationship between shape and amplitude-width.Comparison between theoretical prediction and observation results shows that the high nonlinearity of these waves is better represented by the second-order extended Korteweg-de Vries(KdV) theory than the first-order KdV model.These results indicate that the northwestern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in highly nonlinear ISWs that are an indispensable part of the energy budget of the internal waves in the northern South China Sea.展开更多
Macro and micromixing time represent two extreme mixing time scales,which governs the whole hydrodynamics characteristics of the surface aeration systems.With the help of experimental and numerical analysis,simulation...Macro and micromixing time represent two extreme mixing time scales,which governs the whole hydrodynamics characteristics of the surface aeration systems.With the help of experimental and numerical analysis,simulation equation governing those times scale has been presented in the present work.展开更多
The ground penetrating radar(GPR) forward simulation all aims at the singular and regular models, such as sandwich model, round cavity, square cavity, and so on, which are comparably simple. But as to the forward of c...The ground penetrating radar(GPR) forward simulation all aims at the singular and regular models, such as sandwich model, round cavity, square cavity, and so on, which are comparably simple. But as to the forward of curl interface underground or “v” figure complex model, it is difficult to realize. So it is important to forward the complex geoelectricity model. This paper takes two Maxwell’s vorticity equations as departure point, makes use of the principles of Yee’s space grid model theory and the basic principle finite difference time domain method, and deduces a GPR forward system of equation of two dimensional spaces. The Mur super absorbed boundary condition is adopted to solve the super strong reflection on the interceptive boundary when there is the forward simulation. And a self-made program is used to process forward simulation to two typical geoelectricity model.展开更多
The existing surface roughness standards comprise only two dimensions. However, the real roughness of the surface is 3D (three-dimensional). Roughness parameters of the 3D surface are also important in analyzing the...The existing surface roughness standards comprise only two dimensions. However, the real roughness of the surface is 3D (three-dimensional). Roughness parameters of the 3D surface are also important in analyzing the mechanics of contact surfaces. Problems of mechanics of contact surfaces are related to accuracy of 3D surface roughness characteristic. One of the most important factors for 3D characteristics determination is the number of data points per x and y axes. With number of data points we understand its number in cut-off length. Number of data points have substantial influence on the accuracy of measurement results, measuring time and size of output data file (especially along the y-axis direction, where number of data points are number of parallel profiles). Number of data points must be optimal. Small number of data points lead to incorrect results and increase distribution amplitude, but too large number of data points do not enlarge range of fundamental information, but substantially increase measuring time. Therefore, we must find optimal number of data points per each surface processing method.展开更多
文摘The present work discusses a systematic approach to model grinding parameters of coal in a ball mill. A three level Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology using second order model was applied to the experiments done according to the model requirement. Three parameters ball charge (numbers 10-20), coal content (100-200 g) and the grinding time (4-8 rain) were chosen for the experiments as well as for the modeling work. Coal fineness is defined as the dso (80 % passing size). A quadratic model was developed to show the effect of parameters and their interaction with fineness of the product. Three different sizes (4, 1 and 0.65 mm) of Indian coal were used. The model equations for each fraction were developed and different sets of experiments were performed. The predicted values of the fineness of coal were in good agreement with the experimental results (R2 values of dso varies between 0.97 and 0.99). Fine size of three different coal sizes were obtained with larger ball charge with less grinding time and less solid content. This work represents the efficient use of response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design use for grinding of Indian coal.
基金Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX1-YW-12)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 program) (No.2008AA09A401,No.2006AA09A109)
文摘Large amplitude internal solitary waves(ISWs) often exhibit highly nonlinear effects and may contribute significantly to mixing and energy transporting in the ocean.We observed highly nonlinear ISWs over the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea(19°35'N,112°E) in May 2005 during the Wenchang Internal Wave Experiment using in-situ time series data from an array of temperature and salinity sensors,and an acoustic Doppler current profiler(ADCP).We summarized the characteristics of the ISWs and compared them with those of existing internal wave theories.Particular attention has been paid to characterizing solitons in terms of the relationship between shape and amplitude-width.Comparison between theoretical prediction and observation results shows that the high nonlinearity of these waves is better represented by the second-order extended Korteweg-de Vries(KdV) theory than the first-order KdV model.These results indicate that the northwestern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in highly nonlinear ISWs that are an indispensable part of the energy budget of the internal waves in the northern South China Sea.
基金Supported by the Department of Science and Technology,Government of India (DSTO717)
文摘Macro and micromixing time represent two extreme mixing time scales,which governs the whole hydrodynamics characteristics of the surface aeration systems.With the help of experimental and numerical analysis,simulation equation governing those times scale has been presented in the present work.
文摘The ground penetrating radar(GPR) forward simulation all aims at the singular and regular models, such as sandwich model, round cavity, square cavity, and so on, which are comparably simple. But as to the forward of curl interface underground or “v” figure complex model, it is difficult to realize. So it is important to forward the complex geoelectricity model. This paper takes two Maxwell’s vorticity equations as departure point, makes use of the principles of Yee’s space grid model theory and the basic principle finite difference time domain method, and deduces a GPR forward system of equation of two dimensional spaces. The Mur super absorbed boundary condition is adopted to solve the super strong reflection on the interceptive boundary when there is the forward simulation. And a self-made program is used to process forward simulation to two typical geoelectricity model.
文摘The existing surface roughness standards comprise only two dimensions. However, the real roughness of the surface is 3D (three-dimensional). Roughness parameters of the 3D surface are also important in analyzing the mechanics of contact surfaces. Problems of mechanics of contact surfaces are related to accuracy of 3D surface roughness characteristic. One of the most important factors for 3D characteristics determination is the number of data points per x and y axes. With number of data points we understand its number in cut-off length. Number of data points have substantial influence on the accuracy of measurement results, measuring time and size of output data file (especially along the y-axis direction, where number of data points are number of parallel profiles). Number of data points must be optimal. Small number of data points lead to incorrect results and increase distribution amplitude, but too large number of data points do not enlarge range of fundamental information, but substantially increase measuring time. Therefore, we must find optimal number of data points per each surface processing method.