Objectives: To examine the range of clinical phenotypes, tumour associations, relevant investigations, response to therapy and outcome in a large series of no n selected patients with paraneoplastic neurological disea...Objectives: To examine the range of clinical phenotypes, tumour associations, relevant investigations, response to therapy and outcome in a large series of no n selected patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease (PND) affecting th e central nervous system (CNS) in the United Kingdom. Methods: Data were obtaine d on patients either through direct referral or through the British Neurological Surveillance Unit (BNSU) from February 2000 to January 2001. Physicians were a sked to supply information about age and sex of patients, presenting neurologica l syndromes, the basis of the diagnosis of PND, any associated malignancy, and t reatment. Case notes were reviewed and follow up data obtained where possible on e year after notification. Results: A total of 63 patients (48 females, 15 males ) were identified, 48 through the BNSU and 15 through direct referral. Of these 52 were diagnosed as having definite PND, 10 probable PND, and 1 possible PND. T he median age of onset of PND was 66 years (range 30 80 years) and only 7 patie nts (11%) were less than 50 years at presentation. In 53 patients (84%) the PN D preceded the diagnosis of cancer. Paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy, paraneo plastic encephalomyelitis, and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) were the most common syndromes reported. The benefit of magnetic resonance imaging i n the diagnosis of the disease was limited, while fluorodeoxyglucose positron em ission tomography was shown to be useful for the detection of an occult malignan cy in 10 out of 14 patients. Antineuronal antibodies were positive in 44/57 (77 %) of cases. The following tumours were diagnosed: small cell lung cancer (30% ), breast cancer (14%), ovarian cancer (8%), non small cell lung cancer (8%) , Hodgkins lymphoma (6%), other (16%). With the exception of PCD associated with mesothelioma all other tumours diagnosed in these patients had been previou sly documented as being associated with PND. Only treatment of the tumour was fo und to be associated with a stable or improved neurological outcome at last foll ow up (Fishers exact test = 4.7, p < 0.03). Median survival time was 43 months (95%CI 28 to 57) from onset of neurological disease as calculated using the Ka plan Meier survival analysis. Conclusions: PND has a striking female prepondera nce usually affecting patients in their sixth decade and above. The median survi val in our study was 43 months. The majority of patients with PND are not known to have cancer at the time of diagnosis. Our study confirms the importance of di agnosing and treating the underlying tumour.展开更多
In this paper we first compute the out-of-time-order correlators(OTOC) for both a phenomenological model and a random-field XXZ model in the many-body localized phase. We show that the OTOC decreases in power law in a...In this paper we first compute the out-of-time-order correlators(OTOC) for both a phenomenological model and a random-field XXZ model in the many-body localized phase. We show that the OTOC decreases in power law in a many-body localized system at the scrambling time. We also find that the OTOC can also be used to distinguish a many-body localized phase from an Anderson localized phase,while a normal correlator cannot. Furthermore, we prove an exact theorem that relates the growth of the second Rényi entropy in the quench dynamics to the decay of the OTOC in equilibrium. This theorem works for a generic quantum system. We discuss various implications of this theorem.展开更多
文摘Objectives: To examine the range of clinical phenotypes, tumour associations, relevant investigations, response to therapy and outcome in a large series of no n selected patients with paraneoplastic neurological disease (PND) affecting th e central nervous system (CNS) in the United Kingdom. Methods: Data were obtaine d on patients either through direct referral or through the British Neurological Surveillance Unit (BNSU) from February 2000 to January 2001. Physicians were a sked to supply information about age and sex of patients, presenting neurologica l syndromes, the basis of the diagnosis of PND, any associated malignancy, and t reatment. Case notes were reviewed and follow up data obtained where possible on e year after notification. Results: A total of 63 patients (48 females, 15 males ) were identified, 48 through the BNSU and 15 through direct referral. Of these 52 were diagnosed as having definite PND, 10 probable PND, and 1 possible PND. T he median age of onset of PND was 66 years (range 30 80 years) and only 7 patie nts (11%) were less than 50 years at presentation. In 53 patients (84%) the PN D preceded the diagnosis of cancer. Paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy, paraneo plastic encephalomyelitis, and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) were the most common syndromes reported. The benefit of magnetic resonance imaging i n the diagnosis of the disease was limited, while fluorodeoxyglucose positron em ission tomography was shown to be useful for the detection of an occult malignan cy in 10 out of 14 patients. Antineuronal antibodies were positive in 44/57 (77 %) of cases. The following tumours were diagnosed: small cell lung cancer (30% ), breast cancer (14%), ovarian cancer (8%), non small cell lung cancer (8%) , Hodgkins lymphoma (6%), other (16%). With the exception of PCD associated with mesothelioma all other tumours diagnosed in these patients had been previou sly documented as being associated with PND. Only treatment of the tumour was fo und to be associated with a stable or improved neurological outcome at last foll ow up (Fishers exact test = 4.7, p < 0.03). Median survival time was 43 months (95%CI 28 to 57) from onset of neurological disease as calculated using the Ka plan Meier survival analysis. Conclusions: PND has a striking female prepondera nce usually affecting patients in their sixth decade and above. The median survi val in our study was 43 months. The majority of patients with PND are not known to have cancer at the time of diagnosis. Our study confirms the importance of di agnosing and treating the underlying tumour.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (2016YFA0301600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11325418)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program
文摘In this paper we first compute the out-of-time-order correlators(OTOC) for both a phenomenological model and a random-field XXZ model in the many-body localized phase. We show that the OTOC decreases in power law in a many-body localized system at the scrambling time. We also find that the OTOC can also be used to distinguish a many-body localized phase from an Anderson localized phase,while a normal correlator cannot. Furthermore, we prove an exact theorem that relates the growth of the second Rényi entropy in the quench dynamics to the decay of the OTOC in equilibrium. This theorem works for a generic quantum system. We discuss various implications of this theorem.
