昆虫局与农业虫害防治(1921—1937)

昆虫局是民国时期由政府和民间协力创建的昆虫学和农业害虫防治的研究机构,是农业虫害加剧的产物。虫害的加剧与农作方式的改变、特别是商品化的连片大面积栽种有关。农民普遍贫困并小型化,无力应对新问题,防虫手段落后。1921年昆虫局首先诞生于江苏省,其后扩展至浙、赣、湘、冀、粤等省,又有豫、川、康、鲁等省酝酿成立,昆虫局的科研人员大多是具有昆虫学、农学教育背景的专业技术人员。昆虫局成立后调查农业虫害的情况,大力引进农药防治等西式防治方法,同时挖掘利用中国传统中药防治法,积极探索物理的、生物的防治方法,在灭虫的同时还减轻了农民的负担。各昆虫局采用各种通俗易懂的方法和手段向农民宣传科学防虫知识,扩大了新式防虫队伍。昆虫局的工作有成效,江苏、浙江等省的虫害程度有所下降。但由于缺乏强有力的外部护佑,至30年代中期各昆虫局就纷纷谢世了。

民国时期江苏省昆虫局考察

江苏省昆虫局是近代中国第一个防治病虫害机构,它对推进昆虫学研究、推广现代治虫技术、提高民众防治虫害能力以及推进学术团体等方面发挥了积极的作用,其开风气之先,影响是深远的。

去其螟螣:浙江省昆虫局与农业虫害防治(1924—1937)

1924年4月,为应对嘉兴地区日益严重的螟害,浙江省实业厅于当地设立昆虫局。作为全省虫害防治工作的主管机关,浙江省昆虫局从调查各县虫情入手,在掌握全省害虫活动情况的基础上,开展害虫生活习性考察、国产杀虫药剂研制、生物防治法引入、杀虫器械改良等研究活动。1929年冬,全省分期治虫工作开启后,昆虫局通过选派防治指导员下乡、创办稻虫防治实施区、培养各县治虫人才等具体举措,推动各地治虫工作的开展。在这些举措的推动下,浙江省的虫害防治工作取得了显著成效。

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF HOPLOPLEURA PACIFICA (ANOPLURA: HOPLOPLEURIDAE) ON ITS DOMINANT RAT HOST, RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Hoplopleura pacifica is a dominant species of ectoparasitic sucking lice on the body surface of a common rat species, Rattus flavipectus in Yunan province of China. To illustrate the spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus, Iwao's linear regression method and a significance test of random deviation for the method were used, and a regression equation was established in the light of Iwao's method. The established equation is M*12.10+4.76M (r0.75, P<0.01) where both α and β are considerably higher than 0 and 1, the border values for determining spatial pattern of populations. The calculated F value is F6.07 (P<0.05) in the significance test of random deviation. The spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus is of aggregated distribution. The result suggests that the individuals of H. pacifica have a tendency to congregate together and form different individual groups instead of evenly distributing on the body surface of every rat host.