唐代试判文的分类及其难易变化

判文是唐代选官考试中使用的重要文体,它所涉及的内容广泛而复杂,根据判文题目的来源出处,判文可分为公务案牍式、经籍古义式和僻书曲学式三类,各类判文的难度不同,在历史演进上表现出了由易到难的发展特征,但到唐代后期又有了起伏。

世界虾获量及贸易变化

世界虾获量在1972—1982年期间,有了较大幅度的提高。1972年121.8万吨,1978年169.8万吨,1980年168万吨,1981年近169.8万吨。在这十年里,许多国家的捕虾业和养虾业发展很快。1972年,中国虾获量仅占世界的8.4％,1981年一跃上升到11.3％;印度尼西亚和泰国也分别从5.3％和5.5％增长到9.4％和7.1％。在数量上,1981年中国虾获量超过了19万吨。

当前世界禽肉蛋贸易变化新格局

未来４０年，世界人口将增长近５０％，而对食品的需求将加大３倍。家禽业如何适应这一挑战呢？一世界人口趋势人口的增长及个人购买能力的增强是影响未来禽蛋和禽肉需求的最重要因素。目前，全世界人口每年以大约８００万的速度增长，但年增长率却在放慢。６０年代世界...

The Impact of Climate Change on China’s Grain Trade

[Objective] The paper was to study the impact of climate on China’s grain trade. [Method] The grain trade gravity model was constructed and the main influence factors of the grain trade flow were analyzed, such as GDP, population, grain yield, CO2 and air temperature. [Result] GDP had negative correlation with China’s grain trade volume; carbon dioxide emissions had significantly positive correlation with China’s grain trade volume. [Conclusion] China’s grain structure of varieties should be adjusted with changes of people’s grain consumption structure; the better institutional arrangements should be created during grain production and distribution to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

走路问警察

走路问警察小时候总是听大人们说：“破柴破小头，走路问老头。”我毫无保留地接受了这种人生经验，出远门需要问路总是问那些年纪大一些的人。那时候警察不多，实践证明这句话有道理。现在我把这句话改动了两个字用以教育我的孩子：“破柴破小头，走路问警察。”这也是我...

Analysis of interprovincial trade embodied carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding provinces: based on constructed MRIO Model

The interprovincial trade embodied carbon emissions plays an important role in the national emission reduction target among China's provinces. Furthermore, it will affect the smooth start-up of the national carbon trade market as well as the implementation of targets in 2030 for dealing with the climate change. Based on constructed MRIO model, this paper analyzes the embodied carbon emission trade flows among Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and surrounding regions such as Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia. The results indicate that six provinces have formed different patterns of carbon trade balance, where Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces are in a deficit position, while the other three provinces are in a surplus position.Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei have transferred part of the carbon emissions to the other three provinces, which shows greater heterogeneity among various provinces and provincial different sectors. On basis of the conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions on provincial decomposition, responsibility distribution, and provincial collaborative reduction for national emission reduction targets.

Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in the Yangtze River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios

In this study, the water balance-based Precipitation-Evapotranspiration-Runoff (PER) method combined with the land surface model Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) was used to estimate the spatiotemporal variations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) for two periods, 1982-2005 (baseline) and 2071-2100, under future climate scenarios A2 and B2 in the Yangtze River basin. The results show that the estimated TWS during the baseline period and under the two future climate scenarios have similar seasonal amplitudes of 60-70 mm. The higher values of TWS appear in June during the baseline period and under the B2 scenario, whereas the TWS under A2 shows two peaks in response to the related precipitation pattern. It also shows that the TWS is recharged from February to June during the baseline period, but it is replenished from March to June under the A2 and B2 scenarios. An analysis of the standard derivation of seasonal and interannual TWS time series under the three scenarios demonstrates that the seasonal TWS of the southeastern part of the Yangtze River basin varies remarkably and that the southeastern and central parts of the basin have higher variations in interannual TWS. With respect to the first mode of the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), the inverse-phase change in seasonal TWS mainly appears across the Guizhou-Sichuan-Shaanxi belt, and the entire basin generally represents a synchronous change in interannual TWS. As a whole, the TWS under A2 presents a larger seasonal variation whereas that under B2 displays a greater interannual variation. These results imply that climate change could trigger severe disasters in the southeastern and central parts of the basin.

Assessment of achievements of the Lima Climate Change Conference and perspectives on the future

The Lima call for climate action adopted at the Lima Climate Conference on Climate Change specifies that the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities,shall apply to the new climate agreement to be adopted at the Paris Conference on Climate Change in 2015.Decisions on other heavily debated items,including the intended nationally determined contributions,were also made at the Lima Conference.The significant achievements in Lima and the positive momentum have laid a solid foundation for the adoption of a new climate agreement in the Paris Climate Conference.Four measures are proposed for China to meet great challenges in addressing climate change beyond 2020,including early formulation and issuance of a climate change law,establishment of a greenhouse gas emission trading scheme,promotion of advanced climate technology investments,and further international engagement for climate change.

Effect of Trader Composition on Stock Market

In this study, we build a double auction market model, which contains two types of agent traders, i.e., the noise traders and fundamentalists, to investigate the effect of the trader composition on the stock market. It is found that, the non-trivial Hurst exponent and the fat-tailed distribution of transaction prices can be observed at any ratio of the noise traders. Analyses on the price variation properties, including the Hurst exponent and the price variation region, show that these properties are stable when the ratio is moderate. However, the non-price variation properties, including the trading volume and the profitability of the two kinds of agents, do not keep stable untrivially in any interval of the ratio of noise traders.

Dependencies between price duration, volatility, volume and return on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

The successive changes of asset prices are the most visible manifestation of financial markets dynamics. There exist different views about factors generating these changes, but many researchers and practitioners agree that the most important among them is the impact of information flow. According to the market microstructure theories, it depends mainly on the behavior of informed and uniformed traders. In the paper, we investigate dependencies between the possible proxies of information process： price duration and corresponding to it volume change and return. Our main objective is to answer the question about the most important factor in the process of discovering information by uniformed traders. We apply a set of models for volatility, volume and duration data. Our analysis is performed for selected equities listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and uses tick-by-tick data. The obtained results show that the stock liquidity on this leading stock market in Central and Eastern Europe is the most important factor influencing the process of discovering information by uninformed traders.

Regression Equations for Predicting the Effect of Tine Width on Draught and Soil Translocation in Moderately Fine Textured Soil

Experiments were conducted in an indoor soil bin filled with sandy clay loam soil. Tests were carried out with tillage tines to study the effect tool width on soil disturbance and draught. Depth of operation was held constant at 35 mm and then at 70 mm while speed was varied at three levels of 1.0, 3.6 and 9.0 km/h. The widths of the tines tested were 10, 20, 31, 40, 51, 88, 126, 163 and 200 mm. The cone penetration resistance of the soil varied from 400 to 600 kPa. Draught was measured with a load cell while soil disturbance was measured with a profile meter and meter rule. Draught increased at a decreasing rate with tine width. Quadratic models best fitted the data points with high R2 values. The increase in draught was affected by the forward speed since higher draught values were obtained at higher speed. Results show that the parameters of soil disturbance increased with increase in tine width, except height of ridge （hr）, which did not show any specific trend. The specific draught was highest （10.63 N/cm） with tine T20 while Tine T1 had the least specific draught of 5.2 N/cm.

An Extreme Value Approach to Test the Effect of Price Limits on Volatility

Many stock exchanges around the world enforcing daily price limits on the amount asset prices can change to prevent the market from overreacting and to reduce volatility. Price limits are artificial boundaries set by market regulators who restrict price changes of a stock to a pre-specified range during a trading day or a single trading session. The primary aim of price limit rules is to stabilize the markets during panic trading, to moderate vitality by repressing excessive speculation, and to allow stocks to be traded at prices close to their fair value. However, their impact on the market is a somewhat unresolved issue （Harris, 1998）. Using a methodology of comparing volatility based on the extreme value technique, the authors empirically investigate the impact of price limits on the volatility of the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The empirical results support price limits advocates, suggesting that price limits rules moderate stock price volatility.

Environmental Effects of Foreign Trade and Its Spatial Variations in Mid-eastern Provinces and Cities of China

The studies on environmental effects of foreign trade and its spatial variations are helpful to design and implement environmental protection countermeasures.In order to eliminate the adverse effects of insufficient observation values on the accuracy of regression results and dynamic information quantity of fitting equation during empirical study,panel data of the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China from 1985 to 2007 were selected based on the adjustment of classical regression model in this paper.Panel unit root test and panel cointegration analysis method were applied to investigating the environmental effects of foreign trade and its spatial variations in the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China and its three groups divided by foreign trade dependence.The results show that all scale effects are positive,while all technical effects are negative and unable to counteract positive scale effects.Foreign trade development is regarded as an important cause for outstanding eco-environmental problems in the mid-eastern provinces and cities of China.Total effects and structural effects are significantly different among different groups because of spatial variations in environmental policies,export destinations,source of FDI,etc.Following the principle of′coordinating generality and considering differences comprehensively′,it is essential to issue a series of policies and countermeasures corresponding to differences in regional environmental effect of foreign trade,in order to coordinate the relationship between foreign trade development and eco-environment in each region.

Why Has the EU Been Leading the World against Climate Change？ --Explanations from the Perspective of International Trade

Since the United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, the European Union （EU） has prominently become the leader in global climate politics. However, since fighting climate change is an issue of providing global public goods and each country has incentive to free ride, why has the EU chosen to lead the fight against climate change？ This paper reviews three major explanations in existing literature, which includes special moral and risk preferences, political strategy and comparison of mitigation benefits and costs. Borrowed from Thucydides＇ honor, fear, and interest argument, this paper provides a comprehensive explanation for the incentives affecting a country＇s behavior. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of climate change, a country ＇S climate strategy should be understood through analyzing its position in worm economy. Therefore, the EU＇s enthusiasm in global climate politics can be explained by its dependence on foreign fossil fuels, pressure from other member countries during the EU＇s integration process and its competitive advantage on non-fossil fuel energy. For these reasons, this paper argues that trade position is a key factor in understanding Europe＇s climate strategy.

Addressing the trade-climate change-energy nexus: China's explorations in a global governance landscape

We have arrived at a critical juncture when it comes to understanding the numerous ways in which trade interacts with climate change and energy(trade-climate-energy nexus).Trade remains crucial for the sustainable development of the world's greatest trading nation:China.After clarifying the linkages within the trade,climate change and energy nexus,this article delves into China's specific needs and interests related to trade,climate change and energy.Then it explores the ways in which trade can contribute to China's needs,to sustainable energy development and to the goals of the global climate agreement that is under negotiation.One main findings are China is a key participant in negotiations on trade liberalization of environmental technologies and services.These negotiations are in China's interests in terms of innovative industries,technological upgrading,employment and public health.China could stand up for the interests of other emerging and developing countries and serve as an example in terms of transitioning to a low-carbon economy.Beyond trade barriers issues of domestic(energy)regulation such as fossil-fuel subsidies as well as investment,competition-policy,tradefacilitation and transit issues related to clean energy need to be addressed.Building trust between relevant actors across sectors and national borders will be of the essence in order to foster long-term cooperation on technological innovation.As a way forward,different approaches towards the governance of trade and climate change will be highlighted.Besides discussing the specific aspects of Chinese participation in global trade and climate change governance,this paper aims at offering broader insights into the nexus between trade,energy and climate governance in China.

Susceptibility of Newly Introduced Potato Cultivars to Libya to Infection with Bacterial Soft Rot and the Associated Physiological Changes

Tuber slices of newly introduced potato cultivars （cvs） in Libya, namely Spunta, Pamela, Daisy, Daifla, Atlas and Apollina were tested for their susceptibility to soft rot bacterium （Erwinia carotovora subsp, carotovora）. Atlas cv was proved to be the most susceptible cv, meanwhile, Daisy cv was the most resistant one. The activities of pectolytic and oxidative enzymes in diseased tubers were profoundly higher than these in healthy ones. The highest enzymatic activities of pectin methyl esterase （PME） and polygalacturonase （PG） were observed in diseased tubers of Daifla cv. However, diseased tubers of Spunta gave the highest activities of polymethyl galacturonase （PMG）. On the other hand, the highest significant activities of the enzyme PME in healthy tubers was detected in Pamela cv compared to other cvs. Moreover, there were insignificant differences in PG and PMG enzymes activities between healthy tubers of the different cvs. The cv Daisy gave the highest activity of the enzyme peroxidase （PO） in diseased tubers, whereas the highest activity of enzyme polyphenol oxidase （PPO） was detected in infected tubers of Atlas cv. Concerning healthy tubers, the highest activities of enzymes PO and PPO were noticed in Atlas and Pamella cvs respectively as compared to other cvs. Electrolyte leakage from plant cells was estimated by measuring electrical conductivity as indicator for permeability changes in potato tissues. Values of electrolyte leakage in infected tubers of all tested cvs showed significant increase compared with those of healthy ones, especially, with the most susceptible one.

Blind and readable image watermarking using wavelet tree quantization

A blind and readable image watermarking scheme using wavelet tree quantization is proposed. In order to increase the algorithm robustness and ensure the watermark integrity,error correction coding techniques are used to encode the embedded watermark. In the watermark embedding process, the wavelet coefficients of the host image are grouped into wavelet trees and each watermark bit is embedded by using two trees. The trees are so quantized that they exhibit a large enough statistical difference, which will later be used for watermark extraction. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and robust to common image processing operations and some geometric operations such as JPEG compression, JPEG2000 compression, filtering, Gaussian noise attack, and row-column removal. It is demonstrated that the proposed technique is practical.

Construction of legal system of carbon emissions trading in China

Countries in the world have taken a variety of means to control carbon emissions based on the serious situation of global warming,the concept of low-carbon economy and the provisions about emissions in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol.With the measures of emissions reductions,the system of carbon emissions trading is taking shape.It is necessary for China as the big natural resources consumption country to establish its own carbon emissions trading system.By introducing the carbon emissions trading system of the European Union,America and Japan,and analyzing the market and policies been formed,the carbon emissions trading system in China can be established from the initial configuration of the emissions rights,the subject and object of carbon emissions trading,establishing the carbon emissions trading exchange and supervising and regulating the carbon emissions trading.

小儿大叶性肺炎致病原及易感年龄的研究进展

近两年大叶性肺炎发病率已经上升,目前主要有以下几种观点:由肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)、细菌及病毒如EB(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)等病原体感染引起的大叶性肺炎已经增多;大叶性肺炎患儿一般有病毒与MP及细菌其中的二者或三者的混合感染。探讨儿童大叶性肺炎致病原及易感年龄的改变情况,以便为临床医师更好的进行临床诊疗工作提供参考。

被吓出来的病

黄莉,今年36岁,是某纺织厂的一名女工。从小体格健壮,生长发育良好,中学毕业后就进入了工厂。表现积极、肯干,但性格内向。做事干脆、利落,好强,常暗自与别人比高低,与同事之间的关系还算和睦,但胆小怕事,遇事时情绪易变化。 一天,她疲乏地从工厂下班回家,路过一户人家门口时,被突然冲出来的一条凶恶的大黄狗撞倒,穿着的鞋被狗咬住（实际未伤及脚）。狗的主人出来后见状,幸灾乐祸地说:“活该！”黄莉已被狗吓坏了,现又被人一气,立即“懵” 了,当清醒过来时才知道自己住进了医院,对住院的经过一点也想不起来。