This paper theoretically analyzes the lock-in mechanism of labor division for developing countries when they stick to static comparative advantages and the internal mechanism of cultivating dynamic comparative advanta...This paper theoretically analyzes the lock-in mechanism of labor division for developing countries when they stick to static comparative advantages and the internal mechanism of cultivating dynamic comparative advantages. Through empirical analysis, this paper finds that China, while sharing the benefits of globalization, showcases the lock-in effect regarding its status in the international labor division chain. The analysis finds that in its participation in globalization, the net barter terms of trade ~BTT） and factorial terms of trade for China are deteriorating, and the income terms of trade are seriously overvalued, resulting in a series of contradictions, such as scanty returns for enterprises, slow income growth, increasing trade frictions, and intensified environmental and resource pressures. The paper analyzes rapidly changing factors in China＇s comparative advantages and characteristics of the changes in industries where China possesses comparative advantages. According to changes in different types of industries at different stages, this paper puts forward suggestions on direction and policies for cultivating dynamic comparative advantages.展开更多
Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent dis...Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal.Furthermore,it conducts an empirical analysis of the trade terms of pollution content transfer on nine identified industrial sectors.The conclusion is that the increase in industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal has paralleled the growth of the GDP in Shandong.The rapid economic growth brings obvious negative impact on the environment.Compared with that in 1998,the increase in the pollution content of exports in 2007 indicated that more environmental costs were generated with the economic development in Shandong.There is a need for optimization of foreign trade structure in Shandong,especially the need for increasing import of the pollution intensive products and decreasing the export of the pollution intensive products.The research on the relationship between manufactured goods trade and the environmental impact will make a contribution to the adjustment of foreign trade and environmental policies.展开更多
The fur industry and the entire fur cluster are in many ways an interesting and instructive example from which many lessons can be learned. Up to now, the international fur industry has not been thoroughly described o...The fur industry and the entire fur cluster are in many ways an interesting and instructive example from which many lessons can be learned. Up to now, the international fur industry has not been thoroughly described or analyzed. A major reason is the rather limited availability of national and international statistics about the fur sector. This article analyzes the production and international trade in fur based on information from official statistics, trade associations, companies, scientific papers and reports, interviews with experts, etc.. Markets and market conditions play a very important role with regards to the fur sector, and the price of fur is volatile in the short and long run. A new world trade pattern and international specialization have emerged in recent years. The comparative advantages of the fur sector change along the fur value chain, while China＇s position on the global fur market has changed significantly.展开更多
The one-pot synthesis of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid from cyclohexanone via the integrated Baeyer-Villiger oxida-tion and ring opening reaction catalyzed by dealuminated HBEA zeolite has been developed. Under optimized con...The one-pot synthesis of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid from cyclohexanone via the integrated Baeyer-Villiger oxida-tion and ring opening reaction catalyzed by dealuminated HBEA zeolite has been developed. Under optimized conditions,the cyclohexanone conversion and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid selectivity are over 95%, respectively. The excellent catalyticperformance is attributed to the activation of carbonyl group of cyclohexanone and the fast hydrolysis and ring opening ofs-caprolactone by both Lewis acid and Br0nsted acid sites under aqueous conditions.展开更多
Enterprises are in competition with other enterprises operating in their fields. In today＇s world, enterprises need to increase their efficiency and productivity, the values of which, if below market conditions, they...Enterprises are in competition with other enterprises operating in their fields. In today＇s world, enterprises need to increase their efficiency and productivity, the values of which, if below market conditions, they need to raise. Data Envelopment Analysis, widely utilized in efficiency and productivity measurements is a method that measures the efficiency of one unit relatively, taking more than one input determines the efficiency of units with similar inputs and outputs and output simultaneously. DEA interactively Thus, not only the efficient units are determined, but an opinion is offered as to how the inefficient units can be improved. In this study, 12 enterprises that were among the first 500 enterprises in Turkey in 2008, active in Istanbul Stock Exchange and operating in food sector through Data Envelopment Analysis. In the model, activity rates were used as input values, rantability rates were used as output values. In conclusion of simultaneous analysis of input and output values, efficient and inefficient enterprises were determined.展开更多
Article 18. Notices All notices required hereunder shallbe in writing in English language, and shallbe sent by registered mail to the respectiveparties at the following addresses or suchother addresses as the respecti...Article 18. Notices All notices required hereunder shallbe in writing in English language, and shallbe sent by registered mail to the respectiveparties at the following addresses or suchother addresses as the respective partiesmay designate in writing; To Exporter: To Agent; Any notice sent as above shall becomeeffective seven (7) days after posting. 第十八条 通知 本合同有关的必要的通知,应为英语的书面形式。并按照以下地址或相关当事人书面指示的其他地址邮寄给各当事人。出口方地址:代理商地址:按照上述地址投递的任何通知,应在投函后的7天生效。展开更多
In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue whic...In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.展开更多
We study the performance of space division multiple access （SDMA） under a non-ideal engineering situation. When the SDMA channel is of high inter-layer correlation and the condition number is large, the multiple use...We study the performance of space division multiple access （SDMA） under a non-ideal engineering situation. When the SDMA channel is of high inter-layer correlation and the condition number is large, the multiple user multiple input and multiple output user equipment （MUMIMOUE） grouping should be optimized, and in some cases further dimension-reduction should be applied. As the channel measuring is always non-ideal, we use two methods, feedback mode and non-feedback mode, in terms of performance and overhead. It is proposed that the non-feedback mode is preferable even for some non-reciprocal channels. Prin- ciple analysis and test results are given.展开更多
文摘This paper theoretically analyzes the lock-in mechanism of labor division for developing countries when they stick to static comparative advantages and the internal mechanism of cultivating dynamic comparative advantages. Through empirical analysis, this paper finds that China, while sharing the benefits of globalization, showcases the lock-in effect regarding its status in the international labor division chain. The analysis finds that in its participation in globalization, the net barter terms of trade ~BTT） and factorial terms of trade for China are deteriorating, and the income terms of trade are seriously overvalued, resulting in a series of contradictions, such as scanty returns for enterprises, slow income growth, increasing trade frictions, and intensified environmental and resource pressures. The paper analyzes rapidly changing factors in China＇s comparative advantages and characteristics of the changes in industries where China possesses comparative advantages. According to changes in different types of industries at different stages, this paper puts forward suggestions on direction and policies for cultivating dynamic comparative advantages.
文摘Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal.Furthermore,it conducts an empirical analysis of the trade terms of pollution content transfer on nine identified industrial sectors.The conclusion is that the increase in industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal has paralleled the growth of the GDP in Shandong.The rapid economic growth brings obvious negative impact on the environment.Compared with that in 1998,the increase in the pollution content of exports in 2007 indicated that more environmental costs were generated with the economic development in Shandong.There is a need for optimization of foreign trade structure in Shandong,especially the need for increasing import of the pollution intensive products and decreasing the export of the pollution intensive products.The research on the relationship between manufactured goods trade and the environmental impact will make a contribution to the adjustment of foreign trade and environmental policies.
文摘The fur industry and the entire fur cluster are in many ways an interesting and instructive example from which many lessons can be learned. Up to now, the international fur industry has not been thoroughly described or analyzed. A major reason is the rather limited availability of national and international statistics about the fur sector. This article analyzes the production and international trade in fur based on information from official statistics, trade associations, companies, scientific papers and reports, interviews with experts, etc.. Markets and market conditions play a very important role with regards to the fur sector, and the price of fur is volatile in the short and long run. A new world trade pattern and international specialization have emerged in recent years. The comparative advantages of the fur sector change along the fur value chain, while China＇s position on the global fur market has changed significantly.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2006CB202508)the China Petrochemical Corporation Program(SINOPEC Group ST417004)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0306800)
文摘The one-pot synthesis of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid from cyclohexanone via the integrated Baeyer-Villiger oxida-tion and ring opening reaction catalyzed by dealuminated HBEA zeolite has been developed. Under optimized conditions,the cyclohexanone conversion and 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid selectivity are over 95%, respectively. The excellent catalyticperformance is attributed to the activation of carbonyl group of cyclohexanone and the fast hydrolysis and ring opening ofs-caprolactone by both Lewis acid and Br0nsted acid sites under aqueous conditions.
文摘Enterprises are in competition with other enterprises operating in their fields. In today＇s world, enterprises need to increase their efficiency and productivity, the values of which, if below market conditions, they need to raise. Data Envelopment Analysis, widely utilized in efficiency and productivity measurements is a method that measures the efficiency of one unit relatively, taking more than one input determines the efficiency of units with similar inputs and outputs and output simultaneously. DEA interactively Thus, not only the efficient units are determined, but an opinion is offered as to how the inefficient units can be improved. In this study, 12 enterprises that were among the first 500 enterprises in Turkey in 2008, active in Istanbul Stock Exchange and operating in food sector through Data Envelopment Analysis. In the model, activity rates were used as input values, rantability rates were used as output values. In conclusion of simultaneous analysis of input and output values, efficient and inefficient enterprises were determined.
文摘Article 18. Notices All notices required hereunder shallbe in writing in English language, and shallbe sent by registered mail to the respectiveparties at the following addresses or suchother addresses as the respective partiesmay designate in writing; To Exporter: To Agent; Any notice sent as above shall becomeeffective seven (7) days after posting. 第十八条 通知 本合同有关的必要的通知,应为英语的书面形式。并按照以下地址或相关当事人书面指示的其他地址邮寄给各当事人。出口方地址:代理商地址:按照上述地址投递的任何通知,应在投函后的7天生效。
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of the CAS,No.XDA20010101National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41571113The Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.ZDRW-ZS-2017-4
文摘In concert with developments in global trade and energy resource transportation, there has been a marked increase in reliance on overseas shipping. Unimpeded marine transportation has therefore become a key issue which influences national maritime interests including the security of trade and energy resources. A strategic shipping pivot thus performs a vital controlling function for global shipping networks. In this study strategic shipping pivots are defined and subdivided into sea hubs, channels and areas. We then develop a model to identify strategic shipping pivots on a global scale. The results show that, depending on differences in location, function, and type, the concept of strategic shipping pivot permits the identification of both spatial and structural differentiation with respect to strategic hubs, corridors, and seas. Now 44 strategic hubs have formed across the globe. These hubs have become the control centers of local shipping network organization. At the same time, seven strategic corridors containing most shipping routes and transportation capacity connect important sea areas, and permit a high-degree of control over the transport of strategic materials. The strategic seas, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific provide vital import and export pathways, so that the formation of strategic shipping pivots is mainly influenced by factors such as physical geographical conditions, the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities, business organization, technical progress, geopolitical patterns and geopolitical disputes. Physical geographical conditions provide the potential foundations for strategic shipping pivots, while the spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and communications determine the strategic value of these points. Finally, business organization, technical progress, and geopolitical disputes all function to strengthen the strategic mechanisms and the mutagenicity of strategic shipping pivots.
文摘We study the performance of space division multiple access （SDMA） under a non-ideal engineering situation. When the SDMA channel is of high inter-layer correlation and the condition number is large, the multiple user multiple input and multiple output user equipment （MUMIMOUE） grouping should be optimized, and in some cases further dimension-reduction should be applied. As the channel measuring is always non-ideal, we use two methods, feedback mode and non-feedback mode, in terms of performance and overhead. It is proposed that the non-feedback mode is preferable even for some non-reciprocal channels. Prin- ciple analysis and test results are given.
