The public has shown great interest in the data factor and data transactions,but the current attention is overly focused on personal behavioral data and transactions happening at Data Exchanges.To deliver a complete p...The public has shown great interest in the data factor and data transactions,but the current attention is overly focused on personal behavioral data and transactions happening at Data Exchanges.To deliver a complete picture of data flaw and transaction,this paper presents a systematic overview of the flow and transaction of personal,corporate and public data on the basis of data factor classification from various perspectives.By utilizing various sources of information,this paper estimates the volume of data generation&storage and the volume&trend of data market transactions for major economies in the world with the following findings:(i)Data classification is diverse due to a broad variety of applying scenarios,and data transaction and profit distribution are complex due to heterogenous entities,ownerships,information density and other attributes of different data types.(ii)Global data transaction has presented with the characteristics of productization,servitization and platform-based mode.(iii)For major economies,there is a commonly observed disequilibrium between data generation scale and storage scale,which is particularly striking for China.(i^v)The global data market is in a nascent stage of rapid development with a transaction volume of about 100 billion US dollars,and China s data market is even more underdeveloped and only accounts for some 10%of the world total.All sectors of the society should be flly aware of the diversity and complexity of data factor classification and data transactions,as well as the arduous and long-term nature of developing and improving relevant institutional systems.Adapting to such features,efforts should be made to improve data classification,enhance computing infrastructure development,foster professional data transaction and development institutions,and perfect the data governance system.展开更多
Neo-merchantalism is the use of national currency in international trade among countries to increase global trade. This is called as open currency in the study. Neo-merchantalism also includes open trade to facilitate...Neo-merchantalism is the use of national currency in international trade among countries to increase global trade. This is called as open currency in the study. Neo-merchantalism also includes open trade to facilitate trade among countries. Thirdly, neo-merchantalism covers International Monetary Fund （IMF）. Because IMF regulates and controls money flow among countries in international trade, neo-merchantalism could be presented as follows： neo-merchantalism = open trade ＋ open currency ＋ IMF. Open trade and open currency exist in merchantalism theory. But today, there is also IMF control. Therefore, neo-merchantalism = merchantalism ＋ IMF. Globalism started in 1990 in global markets. It increased the amount of global trade from 13 trillion dollars to 60 trillion dollars. Therefore, each country has 6%-7% economic growth in global markets in the 2000s. It is expected that neo-merchantalism theory doubles global trade up to 100 trillion dollars. Because each country uses its money to do intemational trade, IMF＇s restrictions are important in currency flow, as countries may overprint their money to do more trade that increases inflation rate in global economies. For example, emission of United States （US） dollars increased 50% after 2008 crises in American economy. Therefore, the Federal Reserve aims to stop quantitative enlargement policy in order to impede inflation in American economy. In neo-merchantalism, IMF can restrict money print and currency flow according to country＇s gross domestic product （GDP）, because quantity theory in economy requires that a country can issue its national currency according to its national GDP.展开更多
Recently, international movement measures that may be causing tension between the of cargo had been the subject of increasing border control needs for security and the needs for trade facilitations. On the one hand cu...Recently, international movement measures that may be causing tension between the of cargo had been the subject of increasing border control needs for security and the needs for trade facilitations. On the one hand customs authorities are charged with the responsibility for policing a country＇s borders, and consequently they need to have in place measures to ensure that only legitimate trade takes place and that this trade does not present security concerns. On the other hand we have the requirements of traders, who benefit from an environment of trade facilitation with speedy and efficient movement of cargo across international borders, with minimal bureaucratic intervention. This paper focuses on and provides early discussion and comments on the possible ramifications of the introduction of the 24-hour rule in China, effective for all exports and imports of sea freight container traffic since January 1, 2009. The new rules will have significant impact on the logistics flows of exporters and importers alike. Specifically, the reporting requirements timelines are likely to result in increased costs in cargo processing at wharves that traders will have to bear; place added pressure on storage facilities at wharves, or at container depots; and may additionally increase the amount of inventory buffer because of the timing of the data reporting requirements. The paper concludes that security needs have prevailed over trade facilitation considerations and that traders should urgently implement a review of existing practices to ensure they comply with the China Customs requirements, whilst simultaneously minimizing cost increases.展开更多
This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongol...This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis （PCA） and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia？ Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness？ Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average （ARMA） model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.展开更多
Large-scale accounting scandals which were reflected to the world public opinion particularly in the 2000s （such as Enron, Lucent, Xerox, and Parmalat Bank for Reconstruction） carried the matter of fraudulent financ...Large-scale accounting scandals which were reflected to the world public opinion particularly in the 2000s （such as Enron, Lucent, Xerox, and Parmalat Bank for Reconstruction） carried the matter of fraudulent financial reporting which was made to deceive the financial statement users （Fraudulent Financial Report （FFR）） to the forefront in the agenda of the academicians, operators, and regulatory authorities. As in every crime action, the most effective measure to be taken in preventing FFR events is to try to prevent the FFR before arising. In order to achieve this, in the most effective manner, FFR events should be determined in the formation process. In this study, fraudulent financial statements are tried to be determined by using financial ratios. For this, financial statements of 22 companies which transact in the textile industry in Istanbul Stock Exchange （ISE） were examined. Twenty-three financial ratios were selected for the purpose of determining the risk of fraudulence in the financial statements of the selected companies. These ratios increased in value by multiple regression analysis. The findings which were obtained in the study indicated that some financial statements had the risk of fraudulence. It was concluded that the ratios of inventory/current asset, total debt ratio, and equity turnover rate were a good indicator in the determination of fraudulent financial statements.展开更多
In the context of global ecological overload,international trade has become one of the most important ways to make up for the ecological deficit.This study takes the"Belt and Road"Initiative as the study are...In the context of global ecological overload,international trade has become one of the most important ways to make up for the ecological deficit.This study takes the"Belt and Road"Initiative as the study area to analyze the biocapacity and ecological footprint characteristics between China and other countries along the"Belt and Road"Initiative.Trade flow characteristics were explored from the perspective of biocapacity.The import and export of virtual land was used to assess the effect of trade on compensating for the resource gaps in crop and grazing land.The main results show that:1)In 2005-2014,the majority of"Belt and Road"countries were experiencing increasing degrees of overload.In China,cropland takes up the largest proportion of biocapacity,while the ecological footprint is dominated by the carbon footprint.2)The trade flow of agricultural and livestock products in the mainland of China shows a trend of increasing imports and decreasing exports,which increases dependence on specific regions.3)In 2005-2014,China’s trade in cereals and oil crops along the“Belt and Road”Initiative were generally net imports,and the share of cereals traded along the“Belt and Road”Initiative is increasing gradually,but that of oil crops decreased rapidly.4)The import trade has alleviated ecological deficit,as the selected products compensated for 1.03 times of the cropland deficit and 0.65 times of the grazing land deficit in China.This study is helpful to understand the relationship between the land use and trade deeply,and provide decision-making references for reducing ecological deficits,optimizing land resource allocation,and promoting win-win cooperation among China and other countries in the"Belt and Road"Initiative.展开更多
With intense urbanization and sustained population growth, securing food production with limited land sources has increasingly become a pressing issue. Based on an analysis of international cereal(i.e., barley, buckwh...With intense urbanization and sustained population growth, securing food production with limited land sources has increasingly become a pressing issue. Based on an analysis of international cereal(i.e., barley, buckwheat, maize, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, and wheat) trade and differences in yields of the cereal between export and import countries over the period of 2007 to 2011, we explore the great potential of land saving through the international cereal trade. By ‘land saving', we refer to the reduced global total of lands required to produce a necessary amount of cereal when cereal is exported from a country with relatively large yield of the cereal to a country with relatively small yield of the cereal. Our scenario analysis suggests that international cereal trade would help mitigate the shortage of domestic arable land for many island countries(e.g., Japan) and countries in the arid Middle East and North Africa(e.g., Syria and Morocco). Furthermore, international cereal trade has the potential to generate ‘land saving' of 50,092,284 ha of land per year, which is roughly the size of Spain. Drawing upon the definition of a similar concept – virtual water(Hoekstra and Hung 2002), we define virtual land as the area of land resources used for the production of goods. Through introducing the concept of virtual land, we believe land resources that are traditionally considered as stationary resources can flow with anthropogenic socioeconomic activities. The largest virtual-land flows(> 3,000,000 ha/year) exist between the United States(US) to China, Brazil to China, the US to Japan, the US to Mexico, and Argentina to China. However, not all virtual-land flows necessarily result in land saving. Thus, more endeavors are needed to plan the virtual-land flows for a larger land saving at the global scale.展开更多
文摘The public has shown great interest in the data factor and data transactions,but the current attention is overly focused on personal behavioral data and transactions happening at Data Exchanges.To deliver a complete picture of data flaw and transaction,this paper presents a systematic overview of the flow and transaction of personal,corporate and public data on the basis of data factor classification from various perspectives.By utilizing various sources of information,this paper estimates the volume of data generation&storage and the volume&trend of data market transactions for major economies in the world with the following findings:(i)Data classification is diverse due to a broad variety of applying scenarios,and data transaction and profit distribution are complex due to heterogenous entities,ownerships,information density and other attributes of different data types.(ii)Global data transaction has presented with the characteristics of productization,servitization and platform-based mode.(iii)For major economies,there is a commonly observed disequilibrium between data generation scale and storage scale,which is particularly striking for China.(i^v)The global data market is in a nascent stage of rapid development with a transaction volume of about 100 billion US dollars,and China s data market is even more underdeveloped and only accounts for some 10%of the world total.All sectors of the society should be flly aware of the diversity and complexity of data factor classification and data transactions,as well as the arduous and long-term nature of developing and improving relevant institutional systems.Adapting to such features,efforts should be made to improve data classification,enhance computing infrastructure development,foster professional data transaction and development institutions,and perfect the data governance system.
文摘Neo-merchantalism is the use of national currency in international trade among countries to increase global trade. This is called as open currency in the study. Neo-merchantalism also includes open trade to facilitate trade among countries. Thirdly, neo-merchantalism covers International Monetary Fund （IMF）. Because IMF regulates and controls money flow among countries in international trade, neo-merchantalism could be presented as follows： neo-merchantalism = open trade ＋ open currency ＋ IMF. Open trade and open currency exist in merchantalism theory. But today, there is also IMF control. Therefore, neo-merchantalism = merchantalism ＋ IMF. Globalism started in 1990 in global markets. It increased the amount of global trade from 13 trillion dollars to 60 trillion dollars. Therefore, each country has 6%-7% economic growth in global markets in the 2000s. It is expected that neo-merchantalism theory doubles global trade up to 100 trillion dollars. Because each country uses its money to do intemational trade, IMF＇s restrictions are important in currency flow, as countries may overprint their money to do more trade that increases inflation rate in global economies. For example, emission of United States （US） dollars increased 50% after 2008 crises in American economy. Therefore, the Federal Reserve aims to stop quantitative enlargement policy in order to impede inflation in American economy. In neo-merchantalism, IMF can restrict money print and currency flow according to country＇s gross domestic product （GDP）, because quantity theory in economy requires that a country can issue its national currency according to its national GDP.
文摘Recently, international movement measures that may be causing tension between the of cargo had been the subject of increasing border control needs for security and the needs for trade facilitations. On the one hand customs authorities are charged with the responsibility for policing a country＇s borders, and consequently they need to have in place measures to ensure that only legitimate trade takes place and that this trade does not present security concerns. On the other hand we have the requirements of traders, who benefit from an environment of trade facilitation with speedy and efficient movement of cargo across international borders, with minimal bureaucratic intervention. This paper focuses on and provides early discussion and comments on the possible ramifications of the introduction of the 24-hour rule in China, effective for all exports and imports of sea freight container traffic since January 1, 2009. The new rules will have significant impact on the logistics flows of exporters and importers alike. Specifically, the reporting requirements timelines are likely to result in increased costs in cargo processing at wharves that traders will have to bear; place added pressure on storage facilities at wharves, or at container depots; and may additionally increase the amount of inventory buffer because of the timing of the data reporting requirements. The paper concludes that security needs have prevailed over trade facilitation considerations and that traders should urgently implement a review of existing practices to ensure they comply with the China Customs requirements, whilst simultaneously minimizing cost increases.
文摘This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis （PCA） and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia？ Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness？ Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average （ARMA） model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.
文摘Large-scale accounting scandals which were reflected to the world public opinion particularly in the 2000s （such as Enron, Lucent, Xerox, and Parmalat Bank for Reconstruction） carried the matter of fraudulent financial reporting which was made to deceive the financial statement users （Fraudulent Financial Report （FFR）） to the forefront in the agenda of the academicians, operators, and regulatory authorities. As in every crime action, the most effective measure to be taken in preventing FFR events is to try to prevent the FFR before arising. In order to achieve this, in the most effective manner, FFR events should be determined in the formation process. In this study, fraudulent financial statements are tried to be determined by using financial ratios. For this, financial statements of 22 companies which transact in the textile industry in Istanbul Stock Exchange （ISE） were examined. Twenty-three financial ratios were selected for the purpose of determining the risk of fraudulence in the financial statements of the selected companies. These ratios increased in value by multiple regression analysis. The findings which were obtained in the study indicated that some financial statements had the risk of fraudulence. It was concluded that the ratios of inventory/current asset, total debt ratio, and equity turnover rate were a good indicator in the determination of fraudulent financial statements.
基金The Tibetan Scientific-Technology Project(Z2016C01G01/04)The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571496)The National Key Research and Development Programme(2016YFC0503403)
文摘In the context of global ecological overload,international trade has become one of the most important ways to make up for the ecological deficit.This study takes the"Belt and Road"Initiative as the study area to analyze the biocapacity and ecological footprint characteristics between China and other countries along the"Belt and Road"Initiative.Trade flow characteristics were explored from the perspective of biocapacity.The import and export of virtual land was used to assess the effect of trade on compensating for the resource gaps in crop and grazing land.The main results show that:1)In 2005-2014,the majority of"Belt and Road"countries were experiencing increasing degrees of overload.In China,cropland takes up the largest proportion of biocapacity,while the ecological footprint is dominated by the carbon footprint.2)The trade flow of agricultural and livestock products in the mainland of China shows a trend of increasing imports and decreasing exports,which increases dependence on specific regions.3)In 2005-2014,China’s trade in cereals and oil crops along the“Belt and Road”Initiative were generally net imports,and the share of cereals traded along the“Belt and Road”Initiative is increasing gradually,but that of oil crops decreased rapidly.4)The import trade has alleviated ecological deficit,as the selected products compensated for 1.03 times of the cropland deficit and 0.65 times of the grazing land deficit in China.This study is helpful to understand the relationship between the land use and trade deeply,and provide decision-making references for reducing ecological deficits,optimizing land resource allocation,and promoting win-win cooperation among China and other countries in the"Belt and Road"Initiative.
基金National Social Science Foundation of China,No.15CGL078
文摘With intense urbanization and sustained population growth, securing food production with limited land sources has increasingly become a pressing issue. Based on an analysis of international cereal(i.e., barley, buckwheat, maize, oats, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, and wheat) trade and differences in yields of the cereal between export and import countries over the period of 2007 to 2011, we explore the great potential of land saving through the international cereal trade. By ‘land saving', we refer to the reduced global total of lands required to produce a necessary amount of cereal when cereal is exported from a country with relatively large yield of the cereal to a country with relatively small yield of the cereal. Our scenario analysis suggests that international cereal trade would help mitigate the shortage of domestic arable land for many island countries(e.g., Japan) and countries in the arid Middle East and North Africa(e.g., Syria and Morocco). Furthermore, international cereal trade has the potential to generate ‘land saving' of 50,092,284 ha of land per year, which is roughly the size of Spain. Drawing upon the definition of a similar concept – virtual water(Hoekstra and Hung 2002), we define virtual land as the area of land resources used for the production of goods. Through introducing the concept of virtual land, we believe land resources that are traditionally considered as stationary resources can flow with anthropogenic socioeconomic activities. The largest virtual-land flows(> 3,000,000 ha/year) exist between the United States(US) to China, Brazil to China, the US to Japan, the US to Mexico, and Argentina to China. However, not all virtual-land flows necessarily result in land saving. Thus, more endeavors are needed to plan the virtual-land flows for a larger land saving at the global scale.
