三江源星星海水体中碳氮磷化学计量特征

【目的】研究三江源星星海水体中碳氮磷化学计量特征,为揭示隆宝湖湿地的潜在富营养化进程提供依据。【方法】在星星海设置3个采样点采集水样,研究水体中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的含量,对照《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),采用超标率和超标倍数对水质进行了评价,分析了TOC与TN、TN与TP的相关性。【结果】星星海水体中TN含量为0.326 mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.100 mg/L,NO3--N含量为0.109 mg/L,TP含量为0.014 mg/L,TOC含量为0.406 mg/L。对照《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)TOC、TN、TP超过Ⅰ类水质标准,TN、TP超标倍数分别为0.63、0.4,超标率分别为66.7%、33.3%。相关性分析表明,TOC与TN、TN与TP的相关系数分别为R12﹦0.930 5,R22﹦0.693 2,说明碳、氮含量变化趋势相关性较好,氮、磷含量变化趋势相关性较差,水体中TN、TP来源不同。研究表明,C/N约为1.263,N/P约为23.28,表明有机质来源具有单一性,磷是星星海潜在营养化的限制因子。【结论】TN、TP的含量超过了《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅰ类水质标准,达到了《地表水环境质量标准》的II类水质标准。星星海水体未达到富营养化状态。

星星海(四章)

路过星星海搭顺车的喇嘛说：运气好的话快到星星海就能遇到一场雨。本来万里草原阳光晴好，不一会儿一片云被风吹过来，一阵雨真的落了下来。

Imprint of the ENSO on Rainfall and Latent Heating Variability over the Southern South China Sea from TRMM Observations

Analyses of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） datasets revealed a prominent interannual variation in the convective-stratiform rainfall and latent heating over the southern South China Sea （SCS） during the winter monsoon between 1998 and 2010. Although the height of maximum latent heating remained nearly constant at around 7km in all of the years, the year-to- year changes in the magnitudes of maximum latent heating over the region were noticeable. The interannual variations of the convee- tive-stratiform rainfall and latent heating over the southern SCS were highly anti-correlated with the Nifio-3 index, with more （less） rainfall and latent heating during La Nifia （El Nifio） years. Analysis of the large-scale environment revealed that years of active rain- fall and latent heating corresponded to years of large deep convergence and relative humidity at 600hPa. The moisture budget diag- nosis indicated that the interarmual variation of humidity at 600hPa was largely modulated by the vertical moisture advection. The year-to-year changes in rainfall over the southern SCS were mainly caused by the interannual variations of the dynamic component associated with anomalous upward motions in the middle troposphere, while the interannual variations of the thermodynamic com- ponent associated with changes in surface specific humidity played a minor role. Larger latent heating over the southern SCS during La Nifia years may possibly further enhance the local Hadley circulation over the SCS in the wintertime.

Monitoring of coastline changes along the Red Sea,Yemen based on remote sensing technique

The coastline changes along Yemen＇s the Red Sea （Al-muka, Al-khohah, Al-tiaf, Ras Katib and Al- Urji spits） were studied using a series of landsat images （MSS, TM and ETM ＋ , 1972, 1989, 2000, 2006）, coupled with geomorphological, sedimentological and meteorological findings. Comparison of satellite images provided a viable means for establishing long-term coastal changes （accretion and erosion） as observed in the studied spits （Al-Urj, Ras Sham, Ras Maemoon, Ras Katib, Al-Mandar, Nukhaylah, Mujamilah, Ras Ashab Abu-Zahr and Mukha）. The rate of the spit accretion has the greatest value up to 89 pixel/year corresponding to 72 290 m2/year in Mukha, while the spit erosion shows greatest value up to 131 pixel/year corresponding to 106 404 m2/year in Mujamilab. The patterns of accretion and erosion along the spits depend on the spit direction, natural processes mainly of wave-induced longshore currents, the sediments supply and depth of sea.

Sea level variations in the South China Sea inferred from satellite gravity,altimetry,and oceanographic data

Sea level variations(SLVs) can be divided into two major components:the steric SLV and the mass-induced SLV.These two components of SLV in the South China Sea(SCS) are studied by using satellite altimetry,GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite gravity,and oceanographic data on annual and inter-annual timescales.On the annual timescale,the geographic distribution of mass-induced SLV's amplitude jointly estimated from altimetry and the ECCO(Estimation of the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean) model agrees very well with that from GRACE.GRACE observes obvious seasonal mass-induced SLV in the SCS with annual amplitude of 2.7±0.4 cm,which is consistent with the annual amplitude of 2.7±0.3 cm estimated from the steric-corrected altimetry.On the inter-annual timescales,the mean SLV in the SCS shows a large oscillation,which is mainly caused by the steric effect.The trend of mean SLV inferred from altimetry in the SCS is 5.5±0.7 mm/yr for the period of 1993-2009,which is significantly higher than the global sea level rise rate of 3.3±0.4 mm/yr in the same period.There is no obvious trend signal in the mass-induced SLV detected from GRACE that indicates the water exchange between the SCS and its adjacent seas and land is in balance within the study period.