老北京话“普律(里)”探源

老北京话“普律”一词源于元代蒙古语buri(全,都)。在《元朝秘史》中,buri音译为“不里”。从元至清末民初,音译词“不里”呈现出口语和书面语双线发展的面貌。在口语性较强的满蒙汉合璧会话文献中书写形式为“普里、普历”,北京话教科书及清代小说中出现了重叠形式“普里(哩)普儿”,朝鲜汉语教科书中还出现了“哺哩”“哺理”及重叠式“哺(铺)哩哺哩”;公文类书面文献中的书写形式为“普例、普律”。“普律(里)”是元代蒙古语和汉语语言接触的产物,经历了从元代汉儿言语到清代旗人汉语及老北京话的发展过程。

Antiarrhythmic Efficacy of Neferine Assessed by Programmed Electrical Stimulation in a Canine Model of Electropharmacology

An ishemic ventricular tachyarrhythmias canine model was established in open-chest dogs subjected to programmed electrical stimulation (PES)for 5-8 days after acute myocardial infarction. The electrophysiologic effects of neferine (Nef) and procainamide (PA) were observed in this model. With routine methods of PES,ventricular tachycardia (VT)and ventricular fibrillation (VF) could be reproducibly initiated. Both drugs lengthened the QTc interval (P【0.01) and effective refractory period(ERP)of normal and ischemic ventricular myocardia (NERP and IERP) respectively (P【0.01), decreased the dispersion of ERP in ischemic myocardium and the dispersion of ERP in left ventricle (P【0.01), and increased the diastolic excitability threshold of normal and ischemic ventricular myocardia (P【0.01). The two compounds prevented the PES-induced VT or VF (Nef group P【0.01, PA group P【0.05) and ischemia-induced VF (P【0.05). The results indicated that neferine and procainamide may be effective in preventing the onset of reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias after myocardial ischemic damage in dogs.

Electrophysiologic-electropharmacologic Method for Evaluating the Effects of Antagonizing Ventricular Tachyarrhythmic Drugs

Objective To establish a canine model of electrophysiologic - electropharmacology as assessed by programmed electrical stimulation (PES),and to observe the electrophysiologic effects of Procainamide(PA) on normal and ischemic myocardium in case of ischemic ventricular tachyarrhythmia in this model. Methods A ishemic ventricular tachyarrhythmias canine model was established in open-chest dogs subjected to programmed electrical stimulation(PES)for 5-8 days after acute myocardial infarction. The electrophysiologic effects of procainamide were observed in this model. With routine methods of PES,ventricular tachycardia(VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) could be reproducibly initiated. Results Procainamide distinctly lengthened the QTc interval (P【0.01) and effective refractory period(ERP) of normal and ischemic ventricular myocardium(NERP and IERP) respectively (P【0.01), decreased the dispersion of ERP in ischemic myocardium and the dispersion of ERP in left ventricle (P【0.01), and increased the diastolic excitability threshold of normal and ischemic ventricular myocardium remarkably (P【0.01). Procainamide effectively prevented the PES-induced VT or VF (P【0.05) and ischemia-induced VF (P【0.05). Conclusion The results indicated that PES-induced VT/VF were highly reproducible and reliable, this canine model is a worthy and reliable one, procainamide may be effective in preventing the onset of VT and VF after myocardial ischemic damage, and deserves further attention as an antifibrillatory agent.

Applicability of Zipfs Law in Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions

Objective Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)prescriptions have been used to cure diseases in China for thousands of years,in which many TCM herbs have no definite common quantity.Some key TCM herbs are commonly used and thus deserve in-depth investigations based on a more acceptable classification method.This study analyzes whether TCM prescriptions follow Zipf's law and attempts to obtain the thresholds of key TCM herbs based on the application of Zipfs law;Methods A total of 84,418 TCM prescriptions were collected and standardized.We tested whether Zipf's law and Zipfs distribution fit the Chinese herb distributions.A linear fitting experiment was performed to verify the relationship between the frequency distribution and frequency of TCM herbs.Results The distribution of TCM herbs in TCM prescriptions conformed to Zipf's law.Accordingly,the thresholds were obtained for the key TCM herbs.Conclusion The distribution of TCM herbs in TCM prescriptions follows Zipfs law.

Pitch models of Mandarin text-to-speech

The function of prosody model will directly affect the naturalness of synthesized speech.Aimed at the difficulty in generating the pitch contour in prosody model,two pitch models namely corpus-based pitch model and pitch pattern model are deeply studied in this paper.Key problems in the corpus-based model are calculation of the distance and searching of the optimal path with dynamic programming algorithm.For the pitch pattern model,parameters such as pitch pattern,pitch average and pitch range are used to describe the pitch contour,and six pitch patterns are presented.For the generation of pitch contour,the pitch pattern model is more flexible than the corpus-based model.Both of the two models are linked to the real TTS system,and the MOS results of synthesized Mandarin speech show that the pitch pattern model is better than the corpus-based pitch model.

Metric Expansion from Microscopic Dynamics in an Inhomogeneous Universe

Theories with ingredients like the Higgs mechanism, gravitons, and inflaton fields rejuvenate the idea that relativistic kinematics is dynamically emergent. Eternal inflation treats the Hubble constant H as depending on location. Microscopic dynamics implies that H is over much smaller lengths than pocket universes to be understood as a local space reproduction rate. We illustrate this via discussing that even exponential inflation in TeV-gravity is slow on the relevant time scale. In our on small scales inhomogeneous cosmos, a reproduction rate H depends on position. We therefore discuss Einstein-Strauss vacuoles and a Lindquist-Wheeler like lattice to connect the local rate properly with the scaling of an expanding cosmos. Consistency allows H to locally depend on Weyl curvature similar to vacuum polarization. We derive a proportionality constant known from Kepler＇s third law and discuss the implications for the finiteness of the cosmological constant.

HP nonlinear guidance law design based on smooth sliding mode control

To eliminate the perturbation of interceptor detection induced by aerodynamic heating,the head pursuit (HP) guidance law for three-dimensional interception was presented. The guidance law positioned the interceptor ahead of the target on its flight trajectory,and the speed of interceptor was required to be lower than that of the target. On the basis of a novel head pursuit three-dimensional guidance model,a nonlinear guidance law was developed based on smooth sliding mode control theory. At the same time,a special observer was designed to estimate the target acceleration,and a numerical example on maneuvering ballistic target interception verified the effectiveness of the presented guidance law.

副词“哺哩”的蒙古语来源及相关问题

“哺哩”是出现在朝鲜时代汉语教科书中的一个范围副词,也写为“哺理”“舖哩”。“哺哩”“哺理”“舖哩”和“普里”“普哩”皆为蒙古语■(büri,b?ri“每”)的音译词。考源结果显示,副词“普里”是构成副词“普里普”的基础。出现于清代中后期的副词“普律”与“哺哩”音义接近,实际是“普里”的音变词,是蒙古语■(büri,b?ri“每”)的另一种译写形式,跟副词“哺哩”是同词异写关系。由于传世汉文文献中经常写作“普律”,所以朝鲜时代汉语教科书可见副词“哺哩”,而汉文文献中则罕有用例。

Approximating Stationary Statistical Properties

It is well-known that physical laws for large chaotic dynamical systems are revealed statistically.Many times these statistical properties of the system must be approximated numerically.The main contribution of this manuscript is to provide simple and natural criterions on numerical methods (temporal and spatial discretization) that are able to capture the stationary statistical properties of the underlying dissipative chaotic dynamical systems asymptotically.The result on temporal approximation is a recent finding of the author,and the result on spatial approximation is a new one.Applications to the infinite Prandtl number model for convection and the barotropic quasi-geostrophic model are also discussed.

More than six hundred new families of Newtonian periodic planar collisionless three-body orbits

The famous three-body problem can be traced back to Isaac Newton in the 1680 s. In the 300 years since this "three-body problem"was first recognized, only three families of periodic solutions had been found, until 2013 when ˇSuvakov and Dmitraˇsinovi′c [Phys.Rev. Lett. 110, 114301(2013)] made a breakthrough to numerically find 13 new distinct periodic orbits, which belong to 11 new families of Newtonian planar three-body problem with equal mass and zero angular momentum. In this paper, we numerically obtain 695 families of Newtonian periodic planar collisionless orbits of three-body system with equal mass and zero angular momentum in case of initial conditions with isosceles collinear configuration, including the well-known figure-eight family found by Moore in 1993, the 11 families found by ˇSuvakov and Dmitraˇsinovi′c in 2013, and more than 600 new families that have never been reported, to the best of our knowledge. With the definition of the average period T = T=Lf, where Lf is the length of the so-called "free group element", these 695 families suggest that there should exist the quasi Kepler's third law T* ≈ 2:433 ± 0:075 for the considered case, where T*= T|E|^(3/2) is the scale-invariant average period and E is its total kinetic and potential energy,respectively. The movies of these 695 periodic orbits in the real space and the corresponding close curves on the "shape sphere"can be found via the website: http://numericaltank.sjtu.edu.cn/three-body/three-body.htm.

Stabilization of an Euler-Bernoulli Beam with a Tip Mass Under the Unknown Boundary External Disturbances

This paper studies the stabilization problem of an Euler-Bernoulli beam with a tip mass,which undergoes unknown but uniform bounded disturbance at tip mass. Here the nonlinear feedback control law is used to cancel the effects of the external disturbances. For the controlled nonlinear system,the authors prove the well-posedness by the maximal monotone operator theory and the variational principle. Further the authors prove that the controlled nonlinear system is exponential stable by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. Finally, some numerical simulations are given to support these results.