Study of Sustained Release Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Containing Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K100M and Carbopol 971P

选用HPMC K100M和卡波普971P为骨架材料，粉末直接压片法制备骨架片，考察释放度，反相高效液相色谱法检测盐酸苯丙醇胺（PPA·HCl）的浓度。释药曲线均符合Higuchi方程（R＞0．98，P＜0．01）。运用正交设计法，以美国市场的PPA·HCl缓释片Acutrim^R为对照，相似因子f2值为指标，筛选获得了最优处方。其工艺重现性合格。研制片在0．1mol·L^-1 HCl,H2O(pH6.5)，磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）pH5.0,6.8和7.4的介质中，以及在0.1mol·L^-1HCl中释放2h，转移至PBS6．8中释放10h，相对于对照品的f2值为63－74，表明在各介质中两制剂的释药曲线相似。释药影响因素的考察结果表明：在本实验考察的范围内，骨架片在水中的释药速率与HPMC K100M和卡波普971P的用量呈负相关。HPMC K100M和卡波普971P的比例（保持聚合物总用量相同），硬脂酸镁量和骨架片硬度对释药速率无显著性影响。

Influence of pH Environment on Nasal Absorption of Meptazinol Hydrochloride

Aim To investigate the relationship between pH environment of meptazinolhydrochloride (MEP) and its nasal absorption. Methods In situ nasal peifusion was performed to studythe effect of pH environment on the nasal absorption. Its effect on the transport from nose tobrain was further researched by in vivo experiment. Results In in situ perfusion experiment, thenasal absorption of MEP in basic environment was significantly higher than that in acid condition,but the difference was not observed in in vivo experiment. Conclusion The pH environment ofmeptazinol hydrocloride in formulation cannot be regarded as an important factor influencing nasalabsorption and transport from nose to brain.

Negative effect improvement of accelerated curing on chloride penetration resistance of ordinary concrete

Four mineral admixture concrete specimens werefabricated to study the negative effect improvements ofaccelerated curing on the chloride penetration resistance ofordinary concrete. After reaching different initial strengths, the specimens were placed in 40, 60, or 80 t water tanks foraccelerated curing. The Coulomb values of the specimens weemeasured with ASTM C1202 experiment at 28, 100, 200, ad300 d. Partial specimens were also selected for rapid chlorideion migration coefficient and mercury intrusion porosimetryexperiments. The experimental results show that theaccelerated curing for ordinary concrete linealy deterioratesthe chloride penetration resistance, whereas the incorporationof mineral admixtures improves the concrete microscopic pore-structures and negative effects. An upper temperature limit of60 t of the accelerated curing is suitable for obtainingsuperior chloride penetration resistance for the mineraladmixture concrete. Pre-curing at a normal temperature of 20t is beneficial for improving the negative effect, which isalso aieviated with increasing testing age as a result of thesuccessive hydration of binder materials in concrete.

Production of Gel with Menthol, Benzocaine and Procaine HCl for Topical Application in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Antirheurnatic and analgesics drugs are the most commonly prescribed medications for treatment of acute and chronic pain. Frequent application of these agents often causes adverse effects. So, in order to avoid the incidence of side effects, topical analgesics are treatment of choice for localized muscle pain. Topical analgesics offer the potential to provide the same analgesic relief provided by oral analgesics but with minimal adverse systemic effects. The aim of this study is to present the preparation and characterization of topical analgesic gel named ＂Russian water＂. Gel is composed of Menthol, Benzocaine, Procaine HCl as topical analgesic agents indicated for temporary relief of pain. Obtained results showed prolonged analgesic effect compared with liquid ethanol solution composed of the same components.

Potential Use of Crushed Ghanaian Limestone in Paste and Mortar Formulated for Masonry

Crushed Ghanaian limestone （L） powder was analysed for its physical, chemical and microstructural properties for the formulation of mortar for masonry. Ordinary Portland Cement （OPC） was replaced by 10- 40% limestone powder for paste and mortar formulation. Mechanical properties that included compressive strength, water demand and setting times （initial and final） were determined and analysed. The mechanical properties were determined in accordance with ASTM standards. The test results indicated that crushed limestone powder contained about 88.7% CaO in calcite form. A 10-30% and 35-40% limestone content in conjunction with OPC was suitable to produce ASTM type M and S mortars respectively. Formulated OPC - L paste showed a high water demand, a delayed initial setting time and an accelerated final setting time than the plain OPC paste.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Gap Graded Cold Asphalt Containing Cement Utilising By-Product Material

The little stiffness modulus, high voidage and long curing time has limited the use of CBEM＇s （cold bituminous emulsion mixtures） in road and highways to pavement experiencing low traffic. The aim of this study is to improve the properties of gap graded CRA （cold rolled asphal0 containing OPC （ordinary portland cement） as filler by addition of a by-product material as an activator. OPC was added to the CRA as a replacement to the conventional mineral filler （0%-100%）, while LJMUA （Liverpool John Moores University Activator） was added as an additive in the range from 0%-3% by total mass of aggregate. Laboratory tests included stiffness modulus and uniaxial creep test to assess the mechanical properties. The results have shown a considerable improvement in the mechanical properties from the addition of LJMUA to the CRA containing OPC especially for the early life stiffness modulus that is the main disadvantage of the cold mixtures.

Recycling Plastics for Economical Housing

Abstract： The search for ＂new materials＂ to manufacture building elements for economical housing is the aim of this work. These materials are the following recycled plastics： Low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, recycled out of discarded soft drink packs： Polyethylene-terephthalate （PET）, recycled out of discarded soft drink bottles; and several plastics, from the printed films used like packages of candies （remainder of production plant by faults in the thickness of the films or in the inked process of themt. These conveniently grounded plastics were taken as ＂arids＂ to be mixed with Normal Portland cement, replacing heavy sand and gravel habitually used in these mixtures. These materials are used in constructive elements such as bricks, blocks and plates for economical houses closures or traditional construction. The developed constructive elements offer high thermal insulation, so they can be used in closures with a smaller thickness than conventional bricks and blocks. Besides, they have a lower specific weight than these traditiunal constructive elements. Recycling means lowering costs, making part of the environment contaminating waste useful and providing the unemployed and/or unqualified work force with jobs through uncomplicated technologies. Therefore, this recycling technology has an economic as well as an ecological purpose.

Concrete Based on Fly Ash Alumosilicate Polymers

Concretes on the basis of the alumosilicate polymer can be prepared by alkali activation （NaOH, sodium water glass） of waste brown coal fly ash. The preparation is possible： （1） by using a short-term heating of the concrete mix （to 80 ℃）; or （2） by allowing the mix to harden spontaneously at a temperature of 20 ℃. The concretes prepared by short-time heating attain high strength values after their preparation; the values are comparable to those characterizing concretes obtained on the basis of Portland cement. The strength development of concretes hardening at 20 ℃ is substantially less steep but, nevertheless, the strength attained after about 60 days is practically identical with that of the concretes exposed to a short-time heating. The shrinkage of concretes prepared by short-time heating is very small as compared with the concretes allowed to harden spontaneously; the shrinkage of latter concretes is larger than that of the concretes on the basis of Portland cement. The concretes on the basis of alumosilicate polymer exhibit much better resistance to the corrosive action of the environment as compared with those prepared on the basis of Portland cement.

Production and Properties of Superplasticized Concrete

The objective of this research is to study the effect of grinding powdered superplasticizer, Portland cement, sand, and silica fume on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Lose Angeles Machine was used to grind these constituents. The program was arranged to determine the effect of cycles＇ number, superplasticizer type and dosage, silica fume dosage and condition, and gravel to sand ratio on properties of concrete. Naphthalene sulphonated formaldehyde （NSF） superplasticizers in the forms of liquid and powdered were used. Silica fume may be grinded with the other constituents （grinded）, or added to concrete mixer （normal）. The water/cement （w/c） ratio varied from 0.35 to 0.55 to achieve a constant slump （50-90 mm）. Slumps, bulk density and mechanical properties of concrete were measured. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） was also used to show the differences between traditional and superplasticized concrete. The results showed that grinding the mixture enhances fresh and hardened concrete properties. It is also observed that grinding the mixture for 500 cycles is more effective than other numbers of grinding. In addition, superplasticized concrete exhibits compressive strength higher than traditional one at varied ages. Moreover, using powdered superplasticizer has a remarkable effect on enhancing concrete properties rather than using it in a liquid form. A dosage of 1% by weight of cement gave the highest results of compressive strength. Silica fume has an essential role in improving concrete strength and durability since it acts as very efficient void filler and as a super pozzolana. SEM observations illustrate that grinding the mixture enhances transition zone （TZ） properties and makes it denser. On the other hand, grinded mixture can be packaged in bags and transported for use in crowded cities, and so, enhances quality control, since the only requirement to obtain superplasticized concrete is to add water and gravel. This technique has many benefits such as; saving cement, labor and noise, high quality control, and enhancing concrete permeability and durability. There are many fields of application of superplasticized concrete such as; in locations which are not easily accessible by ordinary concreting techniques, in repairing and strengthen, thin coating, and for small projects when ready mix supply is not feasible.

Study of Changes in Physiochemical Properties of Soil by the Addition of Cement

The effect of cement on physiochemical properties of three types of soils i.e garden soil, agricultural soil and roadside soil was investigated. The ordinary Portland cement was used. The amount of cement added to soil samples, as dry mass percentage was 20%. The results of analysis showed that the addition of cement is capable of bringing about changes in physiochemical properties of soil. The electrical conductivity and organic matter content in three soils get decreased by the addition of cement. While the pH, bulk density and water holding capacity of soils after the addition of cement gets increased. The soil found most suitable to be treated with cement was roadside soil. It was concluded that cement can be used to change the physiochemical properties of soil and this technique has great utility in improving the quality of problematic soils.

Damage model of fresh concrete in sulphate environment

A model of damage to fresh concrete in a corrosive sulphate environment was formulated to investigate how and why the strength of corroded concrete changes over time. First, a corroded concrete block was divided into three regions: an expanded and dense region; a crack-development region; and a noncorroded region. Second, based on the thickness of the surface corrosion layer and the rate of loss of compressive strength of the corroding region, a computational model of the concrete blocks' corrosion-resistance coefficient of compressive strength in a sulphate environment was generated. Third, experimental tests of the corrosion of concrete were conducted by immersing specimens in a corrosive medium for 270 d. A comparison of the experimental results with the computational formulae shows that the calculation results and test results are in good agreement. A parameter analysis reveals that the corrosion reaction plays a major role in the corrosion of fresh concrete containing ordinary Portland cement,but the diffusion of the corrosion medium plays a major role in the corrosion of concrete mixtures containing fly ash and sulphate-resistant cement. Fresh concrete with a high water-to-cement ratio shows high performance during the whole experiment process whereas fresh concrete with a low water-to-cement ratio shows poor performance during the late experiment period.

小众用盐或将成为潜在“蓝海”市场——关于中高端食用盐的思考

随着盐业体制改革的逐步实施,食盐销售市场已经展开了激烈的竞争,各地盐企纷纷运用价格低廉的普盐抢占市场,虽然销量有所提高,但利润却逐年下降,与其在普盐的“红海”市场中争斗的筋疲力尽,何不关注特定小众人群用盐,转战利润更高的中高端食用盐的“蓝海”市场?

Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Salinity in Alluvial Plain of the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River——A Case Study

Soil salinity and hydrologic datasets were assembled to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of salinization in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China, in the alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The saline soil and groundwater depth data of the county in 1981 were obtained to serve as a historical reference. Electrical conductivity （EC） of 293 surface soil samples taken from 2 kin x 2 km grids in 2007 and 4{） soil profiles acquired in 2（108 was analyzed and used for comparative mapping. Ordinary kriging was applied to predict EC at unobserved locations to derive the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns and variation of soil salinity. Groundwater table data from 22 observation wells in 2008 were collected and used as input for regression kriging to predict the maximum groundwater depth of the county in 2008. Changes in the groundwater level of Fengqiu County in 27 years from 1981 to 2008 was calculated. Two quantitative criteria, the mean error or bias （ME） and the mean squared error （MSE）, were computed to assess the estimation accuracy of the kriging predictions. The results demonstrated that the soil salinity in the upper soil layers decreased dramatically and the taxonomically defined saline soils were present only in a few micro-landscapes after 27 years. Presently, the soils with relatively elevated salt content were mainly distributed in depressions along the Yellow River bed. The reduction in surface soil salinity corresponded to the locations with deepened maximum groundwater depth. It could be concluded that groundwater table recession allowed water to move deeper into the soil profile, transporting salts with it, and thus played an important role in reducing soil salinity in this region. Accumulation of salts in the soil profiles at various depths below the surface indicated that secondary soil salinization would occur when the groundwater was not controlled at a safe depth.