Texture Analysis of Damascene Copper Interconnects

Texture and grain boundary character distribution of Cu interconnects with different line width for as-deposited and annealed conditions were measured by EBSD. All specimens appear mixed texture and （111） texture is the dominate component.As-deposited interconnects undergo the phenomenon of self-annealing at RT,in which some abnormally large grains are found. Lower aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment procured larger grains and stronger （111） texture. Meanwhile, the intensity proportion of other textures with lower strain energy to （111） texture is decreased. As-deposited specimens reveal （111）（112？ and （111） （231） components, （111） （110） component appeared and （111） （112？ and （111） （231） components were developed during the annealing process. High angle boundaries are dominant in all specimens, boundaries with a misorientation of 55°-60° and ∑3 ones in higher proportion, followed by lower boundaries with a misorientation of 35°-40° and 29 boundaries. As the aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment increase,there is a gradual in- crement in ∑3 boundaries and a decrease in ∑9 boundaries.

鼠标DPI、扫描频率——谁唱主角?

为了让我们在电脑上的操作变得更为轻松方便，1968年12月9日，全世界第—个鼠标诞生了。自此，鼠标和PC就结下了那种难以用言语来表达的不解之缘。鼠标的发展速度和其他的电脑硬件产品相比真的似乎慢了许多，但是我们不能否定鼠标的发展，使得鼠标的功能越来越强、使用范围越来趣广，最早的机械式鼠标、光电机械式鼠标和老式光电式鼠标相继地出现就是最好的证明，这正是人们针对鼠标的精度有限、传输速度慢及寿命低等缺点而改进的。

Design and construction of a film of mesoporous single-crystal rutile TiO_2 rod arrays for photoelectrochemical water oxidation

A film of mesoporous single-crystal rutile TiO2 rod arrays supported on a transparent conductive glass substrate was synthesized with the assistance of a template layer of closely packed silica nanospheres. This film was used as a photoanode and showed significant improvement for photoelectrochemical water oxidation compared with a reference film of nonporous single-crystal rutile TiO2rod arrays.

Effect of hot rolling on microstructure and tribology behaviors of Ti-50.8Ni alloy

We link different microstructures to tribological behaviors of Ti-50.8 Ni(mole fraction, %) in reciprocating mode at room temperature(20 ℃). Hot-rolled alloys with B2 phase exhibit lower coefficient of friction and wear rate compared to the ones with B19?. Stress-induced martensitic transformation occurs during sliding. However, multi-pass hot rolling weakens the wear resistance. In this study, microstructures were characterized through electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy(EBSD/TEM). From the concept of energy conservation, the effects of weak intensity of hot-rolled textures on the wear resistance are minimal. Based on the result that the alloy with a higher portion of coincidence site lattice boundaries shows lower martensitic start transformation temperature in the DSC curves than that with higher KAM values, the delay on B2-B19? transformation from {112}B2 twins outweighs dislocations. Moreover, widely distributed small-angle grain boundaries owing to dynamic recovery improve the wear resistance effectively compared to those that are well-recrystallized.

Preparation and Characterization of Fe Nanowire Arrays Embedded in Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates

Fe nanowire arrays are prepared by electrodeposition in porous anodic aluminum oxide template from a composite electrolyte solution. These nanowires have an uniform diameter of approximate 25 nm and a length in excess of 2.5 μm. The micrographs and crystal structures of Fe nanowires are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction(XRD). It is found that each nanowire is essentially a single crystal and has a different orientation in each array. Hysteresis loops of Fe nanowire array show that its easy magnetization direction is perpendicular to the sample plane.

Defect in photonic crystal with negative index material

The transmission property of the photonic crystal containing negative index material is analyzed by means of transfer matrix method.It is demonstrated that a defect mode appears in the conventional Bragg gap and the defect mode is sensitive to the position of the defect cell.For the first time to our knowledge we introduce two defects into such a structure and discuss the dependence of the transmission on the interval of the two defect cells.It is found that a wide degenerate defect mode appears in the Bragg gap,and this degenerate defect mode splits into two different defect modes when the two defect cells become closer.

Probability of Deuteron-Plasmon Fusion at Room Temperature within Micro-cracks of Crystalline Lattices with Deuterium Loading

This communication seeks to demonstrate that, at room temperature, the deformation of the crystalline lattice can influence the process of interaction of deuterons introduced within it. Calculations of this probability, in fact, showed an increase of at least 2-3 orders of magnitude with respect to the probability of fusion on the surface of the lattice. These phenomena open the way to the theoretical hypothesis of a kind of chain reaction, as a result of the deuterium loading and catalysed by micro-cracks formed in the structure by micro-explosions, can favour the process.

Glucose-sensitivity of core-shell microspheres and their crystalline colloidal arrays

Thermoresponsive core-shell microspheres are prepared and functionalized with 3-aminophenylboronic acid to make them responsive to glucose.The volume phase transition of the resulting particles is shifted to a lower temperature and a clear swelling is caused by the presence of glucose.The particles after the functionalization preserved their capability to form crystalline colloidal arrays.The changes of their properties may be used in the design of glucose sensors.

Epitaxial growth of horizontally aligned single-crystal arrays of perovskite

Well-aligned single-crystal nanowire arrays of CH3NH3PbIs have shown potentials in laser sources and photovoltaic applications.Here we developed a solution based epitaxial method to grow CH3NH3PbI3nanowire arrays.By confining the precursor solution between a silicon wafer and ST-cut quartz,the evaporation rate of the solvent was slowed down which brings a more stable and controllable solution environment.Relying on the lattice match between CH3NH3PbI3 and ST-cut quartz,arrays of single-crystal nanowires of CH3NH3PbI3have been grown epitaxially.The densities and lengths of CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires can be tuned. The lengths of the resultant crystals range from several microns to over one millimeter.Such CH3NH3PbI3arrays with good alignment and crystallinity were then applied to fabricate photovoltaic devices with good performances.

Parallel arrays of Schottky barrier nanowire field effect transistors： Nanoscopic effects for macroscopic current output

We present novel Schottky barrier field effect transistors consisting of a parallel array of bottom-up grown silicon nanowires that are able to deliver high current outputs. Axial silicidation of the nanowires is used to create defined Schottky junctions leading to on/off current ratios of up to 106. The device concept leverages the unique transport properties of nanoscale junctions to boost device performance for macroscopic applications. Using parallel arrays, on-currents of over 500 gA at a source-drain voltage of 0.5 V can be achieved. The transconductance is thus increased significantly while maintaining the transfer characteristics of single nanowire devices. By incorporating several hundred nanowires into the parallel arra36 the yield of functioning transistors is dramatically increased and device- to-device variability is reduced compared to single devices. This new nanowire- based platform provides sufficient current output to be employed as a transducer for biosensors or a driving stage for organic light-emitting diodes （LEDs）, while the bottom-up nature of the fabrication procedure means it can provide building blocks for novel printable electronic devices.

Progress in rectifying-based RRAM passive crossbar array

Resistive random access memory(RRAM) with crossbar structure is receiving widespread attentions due to its simple structure,high density,and feasibility of three-dimensional(3D) stack.It is an extremely promising solution for high density storage.However,a major issue of crosstalk restricts its development and application.In this paper,we will first introduce the integration methods of RRAM device and the existing crosstalk phenomenon in passive crossbar array,and then focus on the 1D1R(one diode and one resistor) structure and self-rectifying 1R(one resistor) structure which can restrain crosstalk and avoid misreading for the passive crossbar array.The test methods of crossbar array are also presented to evaluate the performances of passive crossbar array to achieve its commercial application in comparison with the active array consisting of one transistor and one RRAM cell(1T1R) structure.Finally,the future research direction of rectifying-based RRAM passive crossbar array is discussed.

Thickness-stretch vibration of a crystal plate carrying a micro-rod array

We analyze thickness-stretch vibrations of a plate of hexagonal crystal carrying an array of micro-rods with their bottoms fixed to the top surface of the plate.The rods undergo longitudinal vibrations when the crystal plate is in thickness-stretch motion.The plate is modeled by the theory of anisotropic elasticity.The rods are modeled by the one-dimensional structural theory for extensional vibration of rods.A frequency equation is obtained and solved using perturbation method.The effect of the rod array on the resonant frequencies of the crystal plate is examined.The results are potentially useful for using thickness-stretch modes of crystal plates to measure the mechanical properties of microrod arrays.

Sensitization of Hydrothermally Grown Single Crystalline TiO2 Nanowire Array with CdSeS Nanocrystals for Photovoltaic Applications

An oriented array of electron transporting nanowires, grown directly on a transparent conductor constitutes an optimal architecture for efficient photovoltaic applications. In addition, semiconductor nanocrystals can work as efficient light absorbers because of their tunable optical properties. In this paper, we use an oriented array of TiO2 nanowires grown directly on a transparent conductive electrode and subsequently sensitized with colloidally grown CdSeS nanocrystal quantum dots （QDs）, using an efficient bi-linker assisted methodology, to demonstrate photovoltaic cells. Upon excitation with light, exciton dissociation takes place at the nanowire-nanocrystal interface, after which, electrons are transported to the fluorine-doped tin oxide （FTO） electrode via single-crystalline TiO2 nanowire channels. We demonstrate that an ex situ ligand exchange of QDs followed by sensitization on oxygen-plasma treated TiO2 nanowires results in enhanced loading of QDs, as compared to the in situ ligand exchange approach. An array of 1μm long TiO2 nanowire sensitized with CdSeS nanocrystals exhibits photovoltaic effects with a short-circuit current of 2-3 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage of 0.6-0.7 V and a fill factor of 52-5%, resulting in devices with efficiencies of up to 0.6%.

Full-color quantum dots active matrix display fabricated by ink-jet printing

Making full-color active matrix display based on quantum dot light emitting diodes(AM-QLEDs) via ink-jet printing is attractive in display industry due to QLEDs' wide color gamut and their potential manufacturing advantages of large screen size and low cost. The challenges for realizing AM-QLED display are how to achieve high quality films through ink-jet printing, multi-color patterning, electroluminescence(EL) color purity, and high efficiency. Herein, a 2-inch diagonal full-color AM-QLEDs display with pixel density of 120 pixels per inch(PPI) fabricated by ink-jet printing technique is presented. Driven by a metal oxide TFT(MOTFT) back-panel, the display exhibits a maximum brightness of 400 cd m.2, and a color gamut of 109%(NTSC 1931). The red, green, and blue(RGB) monochrome QLEDs passive matrix panels fabricated by ink-jet printing technique have a current efficiency(CE) of 2.5, 13.9, and 0.30 cd A.1, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the efficiencies are the highest among passive matrix QLEDs panels made by ink-jet printing technique. The ink-jet printed QDs films show good thickness uniformity due to high viscosity and low volatility of the printable inks, and no cross-contamination between adjacent pixels resulting from the hydrophobic pixel defining layer.

Some new classes of Kadison-Singer lattices in Hilbert spaces

Let N be a maximal and discrete nest on a separable Hilbert space H,E the projection from H onto the subspace[C]spanned by a particular separating vector for N′and Q the projection from K=H⊕H onto the closed subspace{(,):∈H}.Let L be the closed lattice in the strong operator topology generated by the projections(E 00 0),{(E 00 0):E∈N}and Q.We show that L is a Kadison-Singer lattice with trivial commutant,i.e.,L′=CI.Furthermore,we similarly construct some Kadison-Singer lattices in the matrix algebras M2n(C)and M2n.1(C).

Wafer-level site-controlled growth of silicon nanowires by Cu pattern dewetting

An approach for the wafer-level synthesis of size- and site-controlled amorphous silicon nanowires （α-SiNWs） is presented in this paper. Microscale Cu pattern arrays are precisely defined on SiO2 films with the help of photolithography and wet etching. Due to dewetting, Cu atoms shrink to the center of patterns during the annealing process, and react with the SiO2 film to open a diffusion channel for Si atoms to the substrate, α-SiNWs finally grow at the center of Cu patterns, and can be tuned by varying critical factors such as Cu pattern volume, SiO2 thickness, and annealing time. This offers a simple way to synthesize and accurately position a SiNW array on a large area.

Liquid Crystal-Based Hydrophone Arrays

We describe a fiber optic hydrophone array system that could be used for underwater acoustic surveillance applications （e.g. military, counter terrorist, and customs authorities in protecting ports and harbors）, offshore production facilities or coastal approaches as well as various marine applications. In this paper, we propose a new approach to underwater sonar systems using the voltage-controlled liquid crystals and simple multiplexing method. The proposed method permits measurement of sound under water at multiple points along an optical fiber using the low cost components and standard single mode fiber, without complex interferometric measurement techniques, electronics or demodulation software.

Generalized Cauchy Matrix Approach for Lattice Boussinesq-Type Equations

The authors generalize the Cauchy matrix approach to get exact solutions to the lattice Boussinesq-type equations:lattice Boussinesq equation,lattice modified Boussinesq equation and lattice Schwarzian Boussinesq equation.Some kinds of solutions including soliton solutions,Jordan block solutions and mixed solutions are obtained.

Short channel carbon nanotube thin film transistors with high on/off ratio fabricated by two-step fringing field dielectrophoresis

A two-step fringing field dielectrophoretic assembly method for carbon nanotube thin film transistors （CNT-TFTs） fabrication was demonstrated. Densely aligned CNT arrays were assembled at the source and drain electrodes sequentially which form a cascade structure of the aligned CNT arrays. The cascade structure reduces the possibility of percolating metallic pathways in the channel, which is beneficial to device performance. In this way, both high on/off current ratio Ion/loft （up to 107） and high out-put current density （8.5μA/μm） were obtained in short channel length （1-2.5μm） CNT-TFTs. The reported CNT assem- bling strategy is site selective and highly efficient, which can be scaled up to large size substrates and leads to high throughput of CNT-TFTs fabrication.