论儒学的内在超越性——兼与任剑涛先生商榷

对儒学内在超越的特性学界还没有达成一致的意见,最近,任剑涛先生又对这个提法做了长篇批驳,再次显露了这种分歧的严重性。任文反对内在超越性的说法主要是反对将儒学等同于宗教,但儒学的内在超越性一说并不必然等于将儒学看作宗教。对这种理论贡献最大的牟宗三先生不是在宗教意义上而是在道德的意义上使用超越这个词。中西文化在超越性方面所具有的相同性并非只是形式化的相同,而且都有超越性的形上实体。牟宗三以为形上实体可以通过智知而认识,所以,性与天道为一,因而也不存在内在与超越不相洽的问题。

“知不道”和“不知道”

目前在官话方言区内说“知不道”者约两亿人。“知不道”来自“智不到”,至南宋写作“知不到”或“知不道”,意思是“认识不到”。“知不道”和“不知道”不仅来历、结构均不相同,而且本义完全不同,引申义亦不尽相同。

“知”“智”关系补说

“知”和“智”的关系,从字形和字用的角度看,应该是先有“智”后有“知”,“知”是通过省文的方式从“智”分化出来的字形。商周以后,早期字形只作“智”,既用作“智慧”之“智”,也用作“知识”之“知”,亦即说,先秦时期,在“知”字未分化出来前,“知识”义和“智慧”义都用“智”字来表达;春秋战国时期开始出现字形“知”,则“知”也用作“智慧”之“智”,“智”也用作“知识”之“知”。以“智”为“知”和以“知”为“智”,大概反映了战国秦汉前后时期的用字偏向的变化。“知”和“智”的关系,应是异体通用关系;把“知”“智”作为古今字看待,以“知”为古字,“智”为后起字,是根据“知”“智”已经明显分工后作出的处理方式,不符合此二字的源流演变序列。

以科学之名:中国现代法治建设背景下的社科法学与法教义学

社科法学与法教义学之争作为学术现象,根源于中国现代法治建设对两种知识类型的诉求:一方面,作为法治建设重要推动力的法律职业共同体需要更加专业的法律知识,这由法律科学提供一套系统化的法律技艺与法律话语;另一方面,现代法治是以程序技术和观念为推动力的动态整合机制,其承载着对于人、社会与国家的知识。两类知识的认识论基础是源于西欧文明的科学:从广义上看,科学是区别于感应认知的理知认知方式,具有反思的特点,并经历了由常识式理性向数理式理性的转变;从狭义上看,科学特指以数理式理性为特性的认知方式。社科法学与法教义学若能分别遵循各自的科学性,有可能为中国法治建设做出贡献。

A NOTE ON CONDITIONAL IMPLICATION

It is well known that there exists a tight connection between nonmonotonic reasoning and conditional implication. Many researchers have investigated it from various angles. Among th em, C.Boutilier and P.Lamarre have shown that some conditional implication may b e regarded as the homology of different nonmonotonic consequence relations. In t his paper, based on the plausibility space introduced by Friedman and Halpern, w e characterize the condition logic in which conditional implication is nonmonoto nic, and this result characterizes the conditional implication which may be rega rded as the corresponding object in Meta language for nonmonotonic inference rel ations.

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND SECONDARY KNOWLEDGE BASES IN LEARNINGS YSTEMS

This paper presents the differences and relations between background knowledge and domain theories in learning systems. The roles they play during learning procedures are discussed. It is emphasized that background knowledge plays an important role in enhancing the ability of a learning system. An explanation based learning system with domain theory in primary knowledge base and background knowledge in secondary knowledge base is introduced as an example. It shows how background knowledge can be used to solve some of the problems caused by incomplete domain theory in an explanation based learning system. The system can accomplish knowledge level learning through purely deductive approach. At last the acquisition of background knowledge is briefly discussed.

Review of the creativity support system

Based on the achievements of domestic and foreign scholars,the concept of the creativity support system(CSS)is introduced and two basic characteristics of the CSS are concluded:one is based on information technology,the other is assisting users in creatively solving problems.Then,the rationale as well as the correlative knowledge of the creativity support system is analyzed.Finally,according to the software that has been developed,the creativity support system's characteristics of the function is discussed.

SI-INSPIRED ENERGY AWARE QoS ROUTING TREE FOR WSN

A heuristic theoretical optimal routing algorithm （TORA） is presented to achieve the data-gathering structure of location-aided quality of service （QoS） in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. The construction of TORA is based on a kind of swarm intelligence （SI） mechanism, i. e. , ant colony optimization. Firstly, the ener- gy-efficient weight is designed based on flow distribution to divide WSNs into different functional regions, so the routing selection can self-adapt asymmetric power configurations with lower latency. Then, the designs of the novel heuristic factor and the pheromone updating rule can endow ant-like agents with the ability of detecting the local networks energy status and approaching the theoretical optimal tree, thus improving the adaptability and en- ergy-efficiency in route building. Simulation results show that compared with some classic routing algorithms, TORA can further minimize the total communication energy cost and enhance the QoS performance with low-de- lay effect under the data-gathering condition.

Completeness of bounded model checking temporal logic of knowledge

In order to find the completeness threshold which offers a practical method of making bounded model checking complete, the over-approximation for the complete threshold is presented. First, a linear logic of knowledge is introduced into the past tense operator, and then a new temporal epistemic logic LTLKP is obtained, so that LTLKP can naturally and precisely describe the system＇s reliability. Secondly, a set of prior algorithms are designed to calculate the maximal reachable depth and the length of the longest of loop free paths in the structure based on the graph structure theory. Finally, some theorems are proposed to show how to approximate the complete threshold with the diameter and recurrence diameter. The proposed work resolves the completeness threshold problem so that the completeness of bounded model checking can be guaranteed.

Approach for knowledge sharing based on ontology context immigration

In order to better achieve knowledge sharing based on distributed ontologies, an approach based on ontology context immigration （OCI）is proposed. Compared with traditional approaches such as ontology integration and mapping, the proposed approach can reduce the implementation complexity. This approach can be mainly divided into three phases： ontology context determination for a given term, ontology semantic similarity computation between ontology terms, and ontology context immigration. As for a local semantic term based on distributed ontologies, an appropriate ontology context of the term is determined and extracted from a local ontology most associated with the term by using semantic similarity computation. Then, the ontology context is dynamically immigrated to the source ontology for enriching semantic information related to the term. A system called distributed knowledge sharing system（DKSS） is developed to illustrate this approach. The system adopts multi-agent technology for better communication and coordination between different ontology information sources. The experimental results show that it is efficient for distributed ontology knowledge sharing. The proposed approach does not require the support of a global ontology or the maintenance of complex ontology mapping relations, and thus it has better maintainability and scalability.

Intelligent search on integrated knowledge base of traditional Chinese medicine

To semantically integrate heterogeneous resources and provide a unified intelligent access interface, semantic web technology is exploited to publish and interlink machineunderstandable resources so that intelligent search can be supported. TCMSearch, a deployed intelligent search engine for traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）, is presented. The core of the system is an integrated knowledge base that uses a TCM domain ontology to represent the instances and relationships in TCM. Machine-learning techniques are used to generate semantic annotations for texts and semantic mappings for relational databases, and then a semantic index is constructed for these resources. The major benefit of representing the semantic index in RDF/OWL is to support some powerful reasoning functions, such as class hierarchies and relation inferences. By combining resource integration with reasoning, the knowledge base can support some intelligent search paradigms besides keyword search, such as correlated search, semantic graph navigation and concept recommendation.

Construction and realization of the knowledge base and inference engine of an IDSS model for air-conditioning cooling/heating sources selection

The knowledge representation mode and inference control strategy were analyzed according to the specialties of air-conditioning cooling/heating sources selection. The constructing idea and working procedure for knowledge base and inference engine were proposed while the realization technique of the C language was discussed. An intelligent decision support system (IDSS) model based on such knowledge representation and inference mechanism was developed by domain engineers. The model was verified to have a small kernel and powerful capability in list processing and data driving, which was successfully used in the design of a cooling/heating sources system for a large-sized office building.

ACP-based social computing and parallel intelligence： Societies 5.0 and beyond

Social computing, as the technical foundation of future computational smart societies, has the potential to improve the effectiveness of opensource big data usage, systematically integrate a variety of elements including time, human, resources, scenarios, and organizations in the current cyber-physical-social world, and establish a novel social structure with fair information, equal rights, and a flat configuration. Meanwhile, considering the big modeling gap between the model world and the physical world, the concept of parallel intelligence is introduced. With the help of software-defined everything, parallel intelligence bridges the big modeling gap by means of constructing artificial systems where computational experiments can be implemented to verify social policies, economic strategies, and even military operations. Artificial systems play the role of ＂social laboratories＂ in which decisions are computed before they are executed in our physical society. Afterwards, decisions with the expected outputs are executed in parallel in both the artificial and physical systems to interactively sense, compute, evaluate and adjust system behaviors in real-time, leading system behaviors in the physical system converging to those proven to be optimal in the artificial ones. Thus, the smart guidance and management for our society can be achieved.

Immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge for simultaneous localization and mapping

Immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge were presented to solve the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping for a mobile robot in unknown environments. Two operators with domain knowledge were designed in algorithms, where the feature of parallel line segments without the problem of data association was used to construct a vaccination operator, and the characters of convex vertices in polygonal obstacle were extended to develop a pulling operator of key point grid. The experimental results of a real mobile robot show that the computational expensiveness of algorithms designed is less than other evolutionary algorithms for simultaneous localization and mapping and the maps obtained are very accurate. Because immune evolutionary algorithms with domain knowledge have some advantages, the convergence rate of designed algorithms is about 44% higher than those of other algorithms.

A QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling Mechanism in Cognitive Radio Networks for Smart Grid Applications

Cognitive radio sensor network is applied to facilitate network monitoring and management, and achieves high spectrum efficiencies in smart grid. However, the conventional traffic scheduling mechanisms are hard to provide guaranteed quality of service for the secondary users. It is because that they ignore the influence of diverse transition requirements in heterogeneous traffi c. Therefore, a novel Qo S-aware packet scheduling mechanism is proposed to improve transmission quality for secondary users. In this mechanism, a Qo S-based prioritization model is established to address data classification firstly. And then, channel quality and the effect of channel switch are integrated into priority-based packet scheduling mechanism. At last, the simulation is implemented with MATLAB and OPNET. The results show that the proposed scheduling mechanism improves the transmission quality of high-priority secondary users and increase the whole system utilization by 10%.

Multi-agent Coordinated Control and Collision Avoidance with Unknown Disturbances

The formation problem of multi-agent systems via coordinated control is investigated,where the multiple agents can achieve the common velocity with leader and avoid collision during the evolution.In the real-world situation,the communication is often disturbed and inaccurate.Hence,the unknown disturbances are considered in the velocity measurements,which is assumed to be bounded and does not need to be modelled.Moreover,a complicated nonlinear interaction among agents is presented in the design of control.Based on the existing work of multi-agent systems,a flocking control protocol is proposed to address the formation problem in the dynamic topology.The stability analysis is given to prove that the velocities of all agents can converge to the velocity of leader and the stable motion with collision avoidance can be achieved eventually.Finally,some simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF EXPERT SYSTEM FOR MINING UNDER STRUCTURES

The expert system MUST (Mining Under Structures) shown in this paper and established by the authors is a preliminary expert system to solve the policy-making problems for mining under structures by means of computers instead of humanbeing. Based on the experience of relative experts,the authors established a knowledge base about the minings under structures,researched into reasonable method to simulate thinking processes of human experts when they are solving the problems, established the network of an expert system and named it ' MUST system' . MUST system uses the method of the structural system analysis approach. A kind of methods of Turbo Prolog and Fortran 77 language alternations is designed to meet the needs of exchange information within the MUST system. Based on this kind of methods MUST system has been constructed and realised on IBM-PC computer. For verifying the correctness, suitability and reliablity of MUST system,some practical examples of minings under structures were tentatively solved using MUST system,whose results are satisfactory.

Analysis of the Story-Line Behind Selected Hausa Proverbs

Proverbs which are short witty traditional oral expressions handed down from generation to generation as a common heritage is also believed to be true expressions of the Hausa people＇s philosophy. This philosophy is clad in different ways by the people as they are continuously at work to give meanings to their creative activities. Proverbs are one of the most relevant expressions of human wisdom and knowledge of nature, psychology, and reality for the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria; however, the images that are presented in the proverbs are culturally defined and they may differ from place to place, as well as from generation to generation. Proverbs are capable of a variety of meanings, according to how and when they are used. These findings have revealed that many popular and interesting Hausa proverbs tell a condensed story; these stories give vivid illustrations which help the hearer understand the proverbs. In this paper, the author attempts a deep intellectual analysis into the story-lines behind the emergence of some selected Hausa proverbs, with a view to comprehending and propagating embedded ideas and cultural principles or philosophies that may be relevant for contemporary social usage.

Effective Approach to Elevate the Intelligence of Management Decision System

Based on the sticking point of the low intelligence of the existing management decision system,this paper puts forward the idea of enriching and refining the knowledge of the system and endowing it with the ability to learn by means of adopting three types of heterogeneous knowledge representation and knowledge management measures.At length,this paper outlines the basic framework of an intelligence system for the sake of management decision problem.

Research of New Concept Sonar—Cognitive Sonar

The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take into account the influence of the environmental information and prior knowledge perceived by sonar receivers, making it difficult to obtain desired processing results. Based on the basic principle and key technology of sonar, this paper proposed a cognition-based intelligent sonar system in theory--cognitive sonar. Cognitive sonar is capable of jointly optimizing the transmission waveform and receiver according to the changes of environment so that its detection and identification performance can be significantly improved.