含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为研究

采用动态焦散线方法，对含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁承受横向冲击的弯曲断裂行为进行了一系列动态断裂力学实验研究，分析了无量纲量ａ／ｌ的改变（ａ——初始裂纹偏离梁中心线的距离；ｌ——梁长度的一半）对于裂纹动态扩展行为（裂纹起始状态、裂纹尖端的复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂纹扩展轨迹）的影响，并借助动态光弹性应力分析，对应力波与扩展裂纹的相互作用以及应力波传播规律进行探讨．给出了裂纹尖端复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度的变化。

不同手术方式治疗无明显阴茎下曲尿道下裂210例临床分析

目的探讨无明显阴茎下曲尿道下裂的适宜手术方式及并发症发生情况。方法研究对象为2005年9月～2011年12月收治的210例无明显阴茎下曲尿道下裂患者(尿道口位置为阴茎头型24例、冠状沟型33例、阴茎体型153例),对其临床特点、手术方式(MAGPI、Mathieu、Onlay、Snodgrass)、手术效果及并发症等情况进行回顾性分析。结果①临床特点:行Snodgrass手术者尿道板宽度显著高于行Mathieu、Onlay手术者(P均<0.05),后两者比较P>0.05;行Mathieu手术者尿道缺损长度显著短于行Onlay、Snodgrass手术者(P均<0.05),后两者比较P>0.05。②手术效果:210例中169例(80.48%)一次手术即治愈,其中行MAGPI手术者治愈率显著高于行Snodgrass手术者(P<0.05),余三者比较均无显著差异。③并发症:154例获得术后随访,随访率73.3%。共发生尿瘘、尿道狭窄、尿道憩室等并发症41例,其中行MAGPI、Mathieu、Onlay、Snodgrass手术者并发症总例数分别为1、4、6、30例。结论根据尿道外口位置、尿道板宽度和基底皮瓣长度等选择正确的手术方式是无明显阴茎下曲尿道下裂患者手术成功的首要因素;对行Snodgrass手术者尤应注意防治尿瘘、尿道狭窄、尿道憩室等并发症。

船体多向曲裂纵骨的设计改进

本文论述了船体内外双壳曲裂纵骨的设计改进。

尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术治疗小儿轻中度阴茎下曲尿道下裂的疗效观察

目的观察尿道板纵切卷管尿道成形术(Snodgrass术)治疗轻中度阴茎下曲尿道下裂的临床疗效。方法轻中度阴茎下曲尿道下裂患儿96例,随机分成对照组和观察组,每组48例。观察组采用Snodgrass术治疗,对照组采用Duckett术治疗;观察两组患儿手术成功率、手术时间、家属满意度、并发症发生率。结果观察组手术成功率为89.6%,高于对照组的62.5%(P<0.05);观察组手术时间短于对照组,术后家属满意度高于对照组(P<0.05),术后尿道狭窄、尿道瘘发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论采用Snodgrass术治疗轻、中度阴茎下曲尿道下裂,可提高手术成功率,缩短手术时间,提高家属满意度,减少并发症的产生,可在临床进一步推广应用。

根据压裂施工曲线判断煤层气井压后裂缝展布及产气效果方法研究

通过对晋城地区200余口压裂井的施工曲线进行统计,经过整理、分类、判别,并结合地面试验结果,研究出不同类型的曲线所对应的煤层压裂裂缝展布情况,制定出不同人工裂缝延伸展布典型的标准曲线,可判别压裂施工效果;利用压裂施工监测曲线形态及压后排液产气情况,对压后压裂效果进行了分析评价。该方法经100多井次验证,符合率大于70%。

冲击作用下含预制裂纹梁柱试件的动态断裂

利用焦散线实验系统,进行了冲击加载下含预制裂纹梁柱试件的断裂实验,研究了梁柱试件的梁柱节点、梁上和柱端裂纹的扩展轨迹、扩展速度和应力强度因子的变化规律。实验结果表明:受冲击后,试件首先在梁柱节点处开裂,并在裂纹扩展过程中发生明显的曲裂运动,证明梁柱节点处最容易受到破坏。预制裂纹条数越多,梁柱节点处开裂越晚,说明裂纹条数少,能量可以在裂纹尖端积聚得更集中、更快。含柱端预制裂纹的试件,2条裂纹的开裂相隔时间要长于含梁上预制裂纹的试件;同时,试件的第2条裂纹优先在梁上裂纹处开裂,说明固端支座比简支梁断裂需要更多的能量。随着预制裂纹的增多,梁上裂纹在扩展过程中的曲裂现象减弱,由于部分能量在柱端裂纹处积聚,用于推动梁上裂纹扩展的能量相应地减少。并且由于柱端裂纹的存在,梁上裂纹受到的拉应力分量减小,导致裂纹尖端受到弯矩变小,影响了裂纹的曲裂运动。

内镜下注射硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张出血的护理

探讨内镜下注射硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的护理。护士应根据内镜下治疗的特点,在手术前、中、后与医生密切配合,进行针对性护理是内镜治疗成功的关键。

挡土墙墙后土体应力状态及土压力分布研究

为了考虑在平移模式下刚性挡土墙墙后土体主应力偏转和水平土层间的剪应力作用,对墙后滑裂土体的应力状态进行了详细分析.考虑各土层滑裂面水平倾角的变化,对水平层单元法改进,建立了逐层渐近计算法.将墙面、滑裂面的应力状态与墙后滑裂土体的水平土层的静力平衡相结合,建立了水平土层竖向应力、挡土墙土压力、合力及其作用位置的计算公式.计算结果表明,挡土墙主动土压力分布与模型试验结果基本一致;计算得到的滑裂面为一曲面,其顶宽比库仑理论滑裂面小,与试验结果相吻合.

A study of wavelet transforms applied for fracture identification and fracture density evaluation

Combining wavelet transforms with conventional log differential curves is used to identify fractured sections is a new idea.In this paper,we first compute the mother wavelet transform of conventional logs and the wavelet decomposed signals are compared with fractures identified from image logs to determine the fracture-matched mother wavelet.Then the mother wavelet-based decomposed signal combined with the differential curves of conventional well logs create a fracture indicator curve,identifying the fractured zone.Finally the fracture density can be precisely evaluated by the linear relationship of the indicator curve and image log fracture density.This method has been successfully used to evaluate igneous reservoir fractures in the southern Songnan basin and the calculated density from the indicator curve and density from image logs are both basically consistent.

New Formulation for Arbitrary Cracks Problem and Its Stress Intensity Factor of Plane Elasticity

Aim The general arbitrary cracked problem in an elastic plane was discussed. Methods For the purpose of acquiring the solution of the problem, a new formulation on the problem was proposed. Compared with the classical plane elastic crack model, only the known conditions were revised in the new formulation, which are greatly convenient to solve the problem, and no other new condition was given. Results and Conclusion The general exact analytic solution is given here based on the formulation though the problem is very complicated. Furthermore, the stress intensity factors K Ⅰ, K Ⅱ of the problem are also given.

Flexural destructive process of unidirectional carbon/carbon composites reinforced with in situ grown carbon nanofibers

Unidirectional carbon/carbon（C/C） composites modified with in situ grown carbon nanofibers（CNFs） were prepared by catalysis chemical vapor deposition. The effect of in situ grown CNFs on the flexural properties of the C/C composites was investigated by detailed analyses of destructive process. The results show that there is a sharp increase in the flexural load-displacement curve in the axial direction of the CNF-C/C composites, followed by a serrated yielding phenomenon similar to the plastic materials. The failure mode of the C/C composites modified with in situ grown CNFs is changed from the pull-out of single fiber to the breaking of fiber bundles. The existence of interfacial layer composed by middle-textured pyrocarbon, CNFs and high-textured pyrocarbon can block the crack propagation and change the propagation direction of the main crack, which leads to the higher flexural strength and modulus of C/C composites.

Effects of Y on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys

The hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 （x=0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6） alloys was evaluated by thermodynamic calculations based on Clyne-Davies model. The microstructure and morphology of hot tearing regions of the alloys were observed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The solidification temperature and shrinkage stress during the solidification of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 alloys in the“T”type hot tearing permanent-mold were acquired with the attached computer. The effect factors of hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 alloys, such as the solidification temperature interval, the variation of solid fraction in vulnerable region, the residual liquid fraction in the final stage, the type of the second phase of the alloys were discussed based on the above calculation and observation. The results demonstrated that the hot tearing susceptibility in the investigated alloys was found as follows：MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y0.5Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y4Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y6Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y1Zr0.5. The highest hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5 alloy related to the following reasons： the largest freezing range, the biggest changing of the variation of solid fraction in vulnerable region, the least liquid film in the final stage of solidification, the formation of the second phase which worsens the liquid flow and interdendritic feeding after dendrite coherency.

Bending properties and fracture mechanism of C/C composites with high density preform

C/C composites with banded structure pyrocarbon were fabricated by fast chemical vapor infiltration（CVI）,with C3H6 as carbon source,N2 as carrier gas,and three-dimensional（3D） 12K PAN-based carbon fabric with high density of 0.94 g/cm3 as preform.Experimental results indicated that the fracture characteristics of C/C composites were closely related to the frequency of high-temperature treatment（HTT） at the break of CVI process.According to the load？displacement curves,C/C composites showed a pseudoplastic fracture after twice of HTT.After three times of HTT,load？displacement curves tended to be stable with a decreasing bending strength at 177.5 MPa.Delamination failure and intrastratal fiber fracture were observed at the cross-section of C/C composites by scanning electronic microscope.Because the content of pyrocarbon and fibers has a different distribution in layers,the C/C composites show different fracture characteristics at various regions,which leads to good toughness and bending strength.

Fracture mechanism of 2D-C/C composites with pure smooth laminar pyrocarbon matrix under flexural loading

Using natural gas as carbon source, 2D needle felt as preform, 2D-C/C composites were prepared by thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration. Their microstructures were observed under polarized light microscope （PLM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）, and the flexural behaviors before and after heat-treatment were studied with a universal mechanical testing machine. The fracture mechanism of the composites was discussed in detail. The results show that, carbon matrix exhibits pure smooth laminar （SL） characteristic including numerous wrinkled layered structures and some inter-laminar micro-cracks. With the decreasing density, the strength of the composites decreases and the toughness increases slightly; after 2500 °C heat-treatment, the inter-laminar micro-cracks in matrix increase, the strength decreases, and the toughness obviously increases. The fracture mode of the composites changes from brittle to pseudo-plastic characteristic due to more crack deflections in SL matrix.

Seismic wavefield modeling in media with fluid-filled fractures and surface topography

We present a finite difference （FD） method for the simulation of seismic wave fields in fractured medium with an irregular （non-fiat） free surface which is beneficial for interpreting exploration data acquired in mountainous regions. Fractures are introduced through the Coates-Schoenberg approach into the FD scheme which leads to local anisotropic properties of the media where fractures are embedded. To implement surface topography, we take advantage of the boundary-conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one. We use a stable and explicit second-order accurate finite difference scheme to discretize the elastic wave equations （in a curvilinear coordinate system） in a 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal axis of symmetry （HTI）. Efficiency tests performed by different numerical experiments clearly illustrate the influence of an irregular free surface on seismic wave propagation in fractured media which may be significant to mountain seismic exploration. The tests also illustrate that the scattered waves induced by the tips of the fracture are re-scattered by the features of the free surface topography. The scattered waves provoked by the topography are re-scattered by the fractures, especially Rayleigh wave scattering whose amplitudes are much larger than others and making it very difficult to identify effective information from the fractures.

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on fracture behavior of epoxy asphalt concrete

According to the winter temperature of Peking,the freeze-thaw（FT） condition in laboratory was determined.Seven groups of epoxy asphalt concrete（EAC） specimen were exposed to different FT cycles.The flexural modulus and fracture energy（G_F） of EAC exposed to different FT cycles were obtained through the 3-point bending test.Meanwhile,the plane strain fracture toughness（K_（IC）） of EAC was obtained through numerical simulation.The results show that the flexural modulus of the FT conditioned EAC samples decreases with the increase of FT cycles.The FT damage of flexural modulus is 60%after 30 FT cycles.Nevertheless,with the increase of FT cycles,the G_F and K_（IC） of EAC decrease first and then increase after 15 FT cycles.

Analysis on fatigue cracking for asphalt surface layers based on field cores

Field cores from typical cracking locations were tested by the semi-circular bending test and the digital image correlation method to evaluate the anti-fatigue performance of different asphalt pavements. Test results were analyzed by different fatigue models. Causes of fatigue cracking for different pavement sections were determined by extraction and sieving test results. It is found that the ranking （from high to low） in terms of the anti-fatigue performance for field cores is the crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture, densegraded modified asphalt mixture, continuous graded asphalt treated base, gap-graded stone asphalt concrete, and half open-graded asphalt macadam. Compared with the half opengraded asphalt macadam, the fatigue life of the crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture improves by 2. 0 to 3. 8 times. Fatigue lives of different mixtures and distress ratios of actual pavements can be accurately predicted by the dissipated energy density ratio. Causes of fatigue cracking vary with mixture types.

A METHOD FOR PREDICTING BUCKLING LOADS OF COMPOSITE LAMINATED STRIPS WITH A SURFACE NOTCH

Surface notches lower the stiffness of laminated strips, so they lower the buckling loads of the laminated strips, too. In this paper a new method is proposed to predict the buckling loads of the laminated strips with a surface notch. The theoretical and experimental results show that the buckling loads decrease as the depth or width of the surface notches increase; when the stacking sequence of the laminated strips is [0°/0°/+ θ/-θ/0°/0°/+θ/-θ] s , the buckling load decrease as θ increases. It proves that the method is reliable and significant.