We intend to establish how species diversity is dealt with, within the study of the ecosystem, in books for the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, ESO （15-16 year-old students）. The analysis was carried out...We intend to establish how species diversity is dealt with, within the study of the ecosystem, in books for the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, ESO （15-16 year-old students）. The analysis was carried out using a key issues dossier based on school science, which not only provides a description of reality, but also introduces a theoretical explanatory framework. Regarding species diversity, we focused on the descriptive approach, considering the link between diversity and trophic relationships, ecological succession and ecosystem stability through change, consequences for biodiversity of human activities and mechanisms to face such consequences; and on the explanatory perspective, which provides an interpretative answer for all the aspects previously mentioned. The findings drawn from textbooks show that biodiversity is linked both to the study of the ecosystem and to the impact of human societies on its maintenance. However, such study is particularly focused on the descriptive, rather than on the explanatory level. So, teachers should improve the study of biodiversity foresting a balance between descriptive and explanatory level.展开更多
Value generation is defined as meeting client requirements while minimizing waste. Researchers concur on the issues related to sequential design in handling client requirements, and suggest the use of an integrated de...Value generation is defined as meeting client requirements while minimizing waste. Researchers concur on the issues related to sequential design in handling client requirements, and suggest the use of an integrated design approach as an alternative. Little has been said, however, about the impact of adopting integrated design＇s work organization to traditional design practice, processes and tools, nor about the importance of breaking down socio-cognitive barriers related to mental model fragmentation between design professionals, clients and users. This may result in cognitive inertia, a major source of waste. The objective of this research is to develop and test the introduction of boundary objects, such as new technologies, to the context of integrated teams and organizations to break the cognitive inertia that hinders value generation. The research is conclusive about the effectiveness of using boundary objects to transform practices in construction. This research also contributes to a better understanding of the new purposes of construction projects by framing its context and process dimensions within a theoretical framework, as well as to the evolution of practices in construction - and of practices that could be applicable to other fields.展开更多
Vougiouklis ＆ Vougiouklis have proposed the replacement of Likert scales, usually used in questionnaires, with a bar. With this proposal a discrete situation is replaced by a fuzzy one. There are identified certain a...Vougiouklis ＆ Vougiouklis have proposed the replacement of Likert scales, usually used in questionnaires, with a bar. With this proposal a discrete situation is replaced by a fuzzy one. There are identified certain advantages concerning the use of the bar as compared to that of a scale during both the stages of filling-in as well as processing a questionnaire. The main advantage associated with business research requirements is the fact that it is expected to be much quicker to fill in and much easier to explain to participants. The bar provides the potential for different types of processing Likert scales cannot. Therefore the researchers are allowed to ascertain that the given answers follow not only the already suggested and used Gauss distribution but also a parabola distribution as it will be suggested in present paper, and which is expected to give the researcher the opportunity to ＂correct＂ this tendency. Therefore, a possibility of choosing amongst a number of alternatives is offered, by utilizing fuzzy logic in the same way as it has already been done in industry and combining mathematical models with multivalued operations.展开更多
Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the ultra-clean micronized coal oil water slurry (UCMCOWS) with SimaPro and the environmental impact of UCMCOWS on its whole life cycle is also analyzed. The result shows tha...Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the ultra-clean micronized coal oil water slurry (UCMCOWS) with SimaPro and the environmental impact of UCMCOWS on its whole life cycle is also analyzed. The result shows that the consumption of energy and products are increasing along with the deepening of UCMCOWS processing, UCMCOWS making and combustion are the two periods which have a bigger impact on eco-system and human health. As a new substitute of fuel, UCMCOWS merits to be utilized more efficiently and reasonably.展开更多
A new method to reduce the numerical dispersion of the three-dimensional Alternating Di-rection Implicit Finite-Difference Time-Domain (3-D ADI-FDTD) method is proposed. Firstly,the numerical formulations of the 3-D A...A new method to reduce the numerical dispersion of the three-dimensional Alternating Di-rection Implicit Finite-Difference Time-Domain (3-D ADI-FDTD) method is proposed. Firstly,the numerical formulations of the 3-D ADI-FDTD method are modified with the artificial anisotropy,and the new numerical dispersion relation is derived. Secondly,the relative permittivity tensor of the artificial anisotropy can be obtained by the Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA). In order to demon-strate the accuracy and efficiency of this new method,a monopole antenna is simulated as an exam-ple. And the numerical results and the computational requirements of the proposed method are com-pared with those of the conventional ADI-FDTD method and the measured data. In addition the re-duction of the numerical dispersion is investigated as the objective function of the AGA. It is found that this new method is accurate and efficient by choosing proper objective function.展开更多
Although the forest floor plays important roles in water-holding and nutrient cycling, there is not enough knowledge of the functional changes of the forest floor resulting from changes in vegetation. To evaluate the ...Although the forest floor plays important roles in water-holding and nutrient cycling, there is not enough knowledge of the functional changes of the forest floor resulting from changes in vegetation. To evaluate the effect on the hydrological properties of forest floor by the substitution of plantation species for native coppice, we selected four species substituting plantations and one native coppice （secondary native broad-leaved forest, dominated by Quercus liaotungensis and Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis） （QC） as a comparison forest. The substituting plantations were Cercidiphyllum japonicum （Cj）, Pinus tabulaeformis （Pt）, Pinus armandi （Pa）, Larix kaempferi （Lk）. These were established in 1987 with a stocking density of approximately 2500 stem ha -1 . Thickness and the amount of floor in coniferous plantations were significantly higher compared to secondary native broad-leaved forest and pure broad- leaved plantation. The maximal water-holding capacity of the floor showed the same trend as thickness and amount of litter. Main contributors to the difference in hydrological characteristics in the plantations were the quantity of forest floor and the maximal water holding capacity per unit weight of the floor. The relationships between water absorption processes, water absorption rate and the immersion time for litter, fitted to logarithmic and exponential regressions, respectively. Water absorption processes differed significantly between the various plantations and different decomposition floor horizons. Water absorption characteristics were influenced by leaf structure in various tree species and the degree of decomposed litter. Our results showed that litter amount in coniferous plantations were significantly higher than in deciduous broad-leaved plantation. This suggests that a large amount of nutrients are held in the litter horizon, delaying return to the soil and utilization by plants. At the same time, maximal water-holding capacity of the forest floor in F [fermentation] and H [hummus] horizons was significantly higher than that in L [fresh litter] horizon. Therefore, improving litter transformation from L horizon to F and H horizons by promoting forest floor environment would be one of the best methods for plantation management.展开更多
文摘We intend to establish how species diversity is dealt with, within the study of the ecosystem, in books for the 4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education, ESO （15-16 year-old students）. The analysis was carried out using a key issues dossier based on school science, which not only provides a description of reality, but also introduces a theoretical explanatory framework. Regarding species diversity, we focused on the descriptive approach, considering the link between diversity and trophic relationships, ecological succession and ecosystem stability through change, consequences for biodiversity of human activities and mechanisms to face such consequences; and on the explanatory perspective, which provides an interpretative answer for all the aspects previously mentioned. The findings drawn from textbooks show that biodiversity is linked both to the study of the ecosystem and to the impact of human societies on its maintenance. However, such study is particularly focused on the descriptive, rather than on the explanatory level. So, teachers should improve the study of biodiversity foresting a balance between descriptive and explanatory level.
文摘Value generation is defined as meeting client requirements while minimizing waste. Researchers concur on the issues related to sequential design in handling client requirements, and suggest the use of an integrated design approach as an alternative. Little has been said, however, about the impact of adopting integrated design＇s work organization to traditional design practice, processes and tools, nor about the importance of breaking down socio-cognitive barriers related to mental model fragmentation between design professionals, clients and users. This may result in cognitive inertia, a major source of waste. The objective of this research is to develop and test the introduction of boundary objects, such as new technologies, to the context of integrated teams and organizations to break the cognitive inertia that hinders value generation. The research is conclusive about the effectiveness of using boundary objects to transform practices in construction. This research also contributes to a better understanding of the new purposes of construction projects by framing its context and process dimensions within a theoretical framework, as well as to the evolution of practices in construction - and of practices that could be applicable to other fields.
文摘Vougiouklis ＆ Vougiouklis have proposed the replacement of Likert scales, usually used in questionnaires, with a bar. With this proposal a discrete situation is replaced by a fuzzy one. There are identified certain advantages concerning the use of the bar as compared to that of a scale during both the stages of filling-in as well as processing a questionnaire. The main advantage associated with business research requirements is the fact that it is expected to be much quicker to fill in and much easier to explain to participants. The bar provides the potential for different types of processing Likert scales cannot. Therefore the researchers are allowed to ascertain that the given answers follow not only the already suggested and used Gauss distribution but also a parabola distribution as it will be suggested in present paper, and which is expected to give the researcher the opportunity to ＂correct＂ this tendency. Therefore, a possibility of choosing amongst a number of alternatives is offered, by utilizing fuzzy logic in the same way as it has already been done in industry and combining mathematical models with multivalued operations.
文摘Life cycle assessment is applied to assess the ultra-clean micronized coal oil water slurry (UCMCOWS) with SimaPro and the environmental impact of UCMCOWS on its whole life cycle is also analyzed. The result shows that the consumption of energy and products are increasing along with the deepening of UCMCOWS processing, UCMCOWS making and combustion are the two periods which have a bigger impact on eco-system and human health. As a new substitute of fuel, UCMCOWS merits to be utilized more efficiently and reasonably.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60271012)Research Foundation of ZTE Corporation.
文摘A new method to reduce the numerical dispersion of the three-dimensional Alternating Di-rection Implicit Finite-Difference Time-Domain (3-D ADI-FDTD) method is proposed. Firstly,the numerical formulations of the 3-D ADI-FDTD method are modified with the artificial anisotropy,and the new numerical dispersion relation is derived. Secondly,the relative permittivity tensor of the artificial anisotropy can be obtained by the Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (AGA). In order to demon-strate the accuracy and efficiency of this new method,a monopole antenna is simulated as an exam-ple. And the numerical results and the computational requirements of the proposed method are com-pared with those of the conventional ADI-FDTD method and the measured data. In addition the re-duction of the numerical dispersion is investigated as the objective function of the AGA. It is found that this new method is accurate and efficient by choosing proper objective function.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40701181)the Strategic Leader in Science and Technology Projects(No.XDA05070306)+1 种基金the National Science & Technology Pillar Program in12th Five-year Plan of China(No.2011BAC09B04-02)Main Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation of CAS(No.KSCX2-EW-J-22)
文摘Although the forest floor plays important roles in water-holding and nutrient cycling, there is not enough knowledge of the functional changes of the forest floor resulting from changes in vegetation. To evaluate the effect on the hydrological properties of forest floor by the substitution of plantation species for native coppice, we selected four species substituting plantations and one native coppice （secondary native broad-leaved forest, dominated by Quercus liaotungensis and Corylus heterophylla var. sutchuenensis） （QC） as a comparison forest. The substituting plantations were Cercidiphyllum japonicum （Cj）, Pinus tabulaeformis （Pt）, Pinus armandi （Pa）, Larix kaempferi （Lk）. These were established in 1987 with a stocking density of approximately 2500 stem ha -1 . Thickness and the amount of floor in coniferous plantations were significantly higher compared to secondary native broad-leaved forest and pure broad- leaved plantation. The maximal water-holding capacity of the floor showed the same trend as thickness and amount of litter. Main contributors to the difference in hydrological characteristics in the plantations were the quantity of forest floor and the maximal water holding capacity per unit weight of the floor. The relationships between water absorption processes, water absorption rate and the immersion time for litter, fitted to logarithmic and exponential regressions, respectively. Water absorption processes differed significantly between the various plantations and different decomposition floor horizons. Water absorption characteristics were influenced by leaf structure in various tree species and the degree of decomposed litter. Our results showed that litter amount in coniferous plantations were significantly higher than in deciduous broad-leaved plantation. This suggests that a large amount of nutrients are held in the litter horizon, delaying return to the soil and utilization by plants. At the same time, maximal water-holding capacity of the forest floor in F [fermentation] and H [hummus] horizons was significantly higher than that in L [fresh litter] horizon. Therefore, improving litter transformation from L horizon to F and H horizons by promoting forest floor environment would be one of the best methods for plantation management.
