供热机组最低供热电负荷实测技术

针对供热机组的抽汽方式和供热形式各不相同,供热机组以热定电的运行方式影响着机组的经济性和电网的负荷调度的问题,给出了不同容量、不同形式供热机组供热运行中带电负荷的限制因素。以几个电厂的供热机组为例,给出了机组的最低供热电负荷实测方法,可为电厂运行和调度提供参考。

自备电厂热电解耦方案及其特性分析

目前自备电厂发电功率较大,在未来新能源并网调峰中不容忽视。根据选取的具备供电与热的自备电厂,确定低压缸零出力、高背压抽汽联合乏汽供热、吸收式热泵和压缩式热泵4种热电解耦优化方案,定量计算评估4种方案优化后电厂最大供热与电负荷率的降低情况。对案例机组采用4种方案进行优化,计算结果显示:案例机组对4种优化方案的最大供热量可分别提高174.00、136.18、168.37、38.00 MW;在原最大供热负荷下,最低电负荷率分别降低到44.29%、73.29%、73.70%和80.57%,最大热电比分别达到2.00、1.50、1.50、1.15;其中低压缸零出力解耦优化效果最明显,最大供热量提升最多,电负荷率降低也最多。经济分析显示,吸收式热泵方案与其他方案相比增加的投资成本最多。

一种有功备用式光伏虚拟同步控制策略

传统光伏逆变器多以最大功率跟踪方式运行,不能进行有功调频和实现有功功率灵活可控。此外,以传统光伏逆变器改造的光伏虚拟同步发电机(photovoltaicvirtual synchronous generator,PV-VSG)多配备储能电池,但储能电池成本昂贵,逆变器改造成本较大,针对上述问题,提出一种有功备用式光伏虚拟同步发电机控制策略,使传统光伏逆变器在不增加储能、不改造电路的情况下,具有调频调压功能,并实现了有功备用及有功功率的灵活可控。针对以往研究的不足,首先研究了PV-VSG有功备用的运行机制,并提出一种有功备用式PV-VSG控制策略,并对其进行数学建模。然后对光伏发电系统的稳定运行区域进行研究,提出最低电压限制方法,最后仿真验证了文中所提控制策略的可行性。仿真结果表明:该控制策略使传统光伏逆变器在无储能的情况下通过有功备用方式实现虚拟同步功能,并能稳定运行于光伏曲线右半平面。

Influence of fly ash on early-age cracking behavior of high-flowing concrete

The effects of quality and content of fly ash on the early-age cracking behavior of high-flowing concrete （HFC） were investigated. The early-age cracking behavior of the HFC was analyzed by combining the tests of evaporation capacity and electrical resistivity of the HFC. In these tests, a modified flat-type specimen was adopted. The results show that the HFC will have a lower evaporation capacity when it is mixed with fine fly ash, while it will have a higher evaporation capacity when grade II! fly ash is used as mineral admixture. And the electrical resistivity rate of HFC reduces with the increase of the content of fly ash. A nonlinear relationship exists between the cracking time of HFC and the minimum electrical resistivity. The early-age cracking behavior of HFC with fly ash can be enhanced by appropriately increasing the fine particle content and MgO, K2O, and SO3 contents of fly ash. The optimal content of fly ash, which makes a satisfied early-age cracking behavior of HFC, is obtained. And when the content of fly ash exceeds a critical value, the early-age cracking behavior of HFC will rapidly decrease.

Lowest Temperature Miniature Fuel Cell with Modified PS PEM Membrane and Fueled with Nitrogen, Sulfur and Oxygen Containing Fuels

Polymer exchange membrane fuel cells （PEMFC） are objects of the current engineering technology and these are versatile generators for electrical energy. There are various kinds from them, but all of them are going on work at highest temperature. There isn＇t a PEMFC which can run at room temperature, like 20 ℃. In this study there is a aim for constructing such one for alternative fuels utilisation. PS and many electroconducting polymer formulations were proved by different researchers for PEM benefications, but here PS was synthesized without containing metalic contaminants and after converted to the PEM membrane.

Threshold control in VCSELs by proton implanted depth

The proton implantation is one of key procedures to confine the current diffusion in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(VCSELs),in which the proton implanted depth and profile are main parameters.Threshold characteristics of VCSELs with various proton implanted depths are studied after optical,electrical and thermal fields have been simulated self-consistently in three dimensions.It is found that for VCSELs with confinement radius of 2 mm,increasing proton implanted depth can reduce the injected current threshold power and enhance the laser temperature in active region.Numerical results also indicate that there are optimal values for current aperture in proton implanted VCSELs.The minimum injected current threshold can be achieved in VCSELs with proton implantation near the active region and confinement radius of 1.5 mm,while the VCSELs with proton implantation in the middle of p-type distributed Bragg reflectors(DBRs) and confinement radius of 2.5 mm can realize the minimum temperature.