[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of organic fertilizer on acidified soil as well as their effects on fruit quality and quantity in Yantai orchard.[Method] Plot experiment was conducted ...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of organic fertilizer on acidified soil as well as their effects on fruit quality and quantity in Yantai orchard.[Method] Plot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer on fruit yield and quality of Red Fuji and chemical properties of acidified soil.[Result] The apple yield in acidified soil applied with organic fertilizer all increased.Under the application of biological organic fertilizer,the apple yield was higher,and it was 8.92% higher than that in the control group.Under the mixed application of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer,the growth and development of apple trees were improved,and the total soluble solid(TSS) content,vitamin C(Vc) content and TSS-acid ratio in mature apples all increased.The application of organic fertilizer significantly reduced soil acidity.Compared with those in the control group,the soil p H value,organic matter content and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content under the application of biological organic fertilizer were increased by 8.33%,15.10% and 30.80%,respectively.[Conclusion] The application of biological organic fertilizer could improve the yield of apple in acidified soil.展开更多
The market of organic food products has a continuous upward trend though the growth rate and sale channels in individual countries are rather different. This research aims to identify the key factors that influence co...The market of organic food products has a continuous upward trend though the growth rate and sale channels in individual countries are rather different. This research aims to identify the key factors that influence consumers＇ choice to buy organic food products in Lithuania focusing on the consumer trust in the quality and the most acceptable marketing channels. In order to get the necessary information, the residents of Vilnius （the capital of Lithuania）, as having the greatest potential for the organic food market in the country, were interviewed. The analysis of collected data was done using the methods of mathematical statistics and comparison of relative frequencies. The results of this research prove the increasing consumers＇ interest in organic food products. The majority of consumers consider these products to be healthier, better-tasting and fresher. Only about a third of the purchasers （usually buying frequently） can see differences between organic and non-organic products, therefore, there is a problem to distinguish organic food from conventional products and, consequently, remains a possibility to cheat the consumer. An additional quality control and direct sales from known and familiar farmers might increase trust in the quality of organic food products. So far, supermarkets are the most important place to buy organic foods, however, the greater consumer confidence in the quality of organic products bought at farmers＇ markets and the acceptance of the majority of purchasers to buy organic food products directly from the farmers suppose the need to develop a direct marketing system.展开更多
[ Objective] The physiological radiation spectrum and fruit quality in different canopies of sweet cherry tree were studied. [ Method] Opti- cal fiber spectrum was applied to determine the physiological radiation spec...[ Objective] The physiological radiation spectrum and fruit quality in different canopies of sweet cherry tree were studied. [ Method] Opti- cal fiber spectrum was applied to determine the physiological radiation spectrum in different canopies of sweet cherry tree. The fruit quality in differ- ent canopies was determined. [Result] The results showed that from the top part to the lower part and from the outer part to inner part of sweet cherry canopy, Me physiological radiation intensity and ratio of short wave light reduced significantly, while ratio of long wave light increased. Fruit mass, Vc, TSS and total sugar content were significantly decreasing, while organic acid content increasing, but the fruit edible percent was similar. Furthermore, the physiological radiation intensity was strong, fruit mass, TSS, Vc and total sugar content increased, but organic acid content re- duced. [ Condusion] The higher and bigger canopy of sweet cherry, the poor and lower physiological radiation intensity, photosynthesis accumula- tion and fruit quality. The study provided theoretical foundation and reference for the trim of sweet cherry.展开更多
Wheat ranks first among cereal crops cultivated in the world. In its production, diseases like powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and rusts caused by fungal pathogens represent a major problem. They produce differen...Wheat ranks first among cereal crops cultivated in the world. In its production, diseases like powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and rusts caused by fungal pathogens represent a major problem. They produce different symptoms that cause severe crop damage by infecting the spikes, leaves, roots, stems and grains. They are causing losses both by reducing the quantity of the harvested crop and the quality of the product. Quality problems of the harvested product can be due to shrivelled seed, which are frequently found as a consequence of the infection by leaf pathogens, such as mildews, rusts and Septoria. Fusarium head blight is the major culprit for mycotoxin contamination from the harvested grain, causing economic losses and in the worst casing human and animal health problems. In severe epidemics, all these fungal diseases can significantly reduce yield. Resistance to fungi is beneficial not only from a commercial point of view （yield）, but also because of the reduced levels of mycotoxins. The integration of transgenic approaches offers a potential chemical-free and environment-friendly solution for controlling fungal pathogens. This is an essential asset for wheat world food security.展开更多
Citric acid is an important organic substance whose marketing concerns various fields. Nevertheless, until 1997 the scientific literature reported little information about the process of crystallization by cooling thr...Citric acid is an important organic substance whose marketing concerns various fields. Nevertheless, until 1997 the scientific literature reported little information about the process of crystallization by cooling through which the commercial product is obtained. In particular, the available studies were aimed to investigate only the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth neglecting some effective aspects of the industrial crystallization in mechanically stirred apparatus. In order to fill that sci-tech gap, the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University ＂La Sapienza＂ of Rome decided to lead a long and meticulous experimental research on the crystallization in discontinuous （batch） of CAM （citric acid monohydrate） in the allotropic form that is stable at room temperature. Due to the number of people involved in that pioneering work, carried out in the historic laboratories of＂La Sapienza＂ （Faculty of Engineering）, and motivated by the publication of related M.Sc. dissertations and research papers, such collective effort was called ＂School of Industrial Crystallization＂. Among the graduate students in Chemical Engineering that 17 years ago participated in that fruitful experience there was also the author who, under the supervision of Prof. Barbara Mazzarotta, had the specific task of assessing the effects on CAM of changing the crystallization operating conditions until their optimization; the achievements are briefly illustrated in this paper.展开更多
An approach for the economic analysis of chemical product design is proposed. It takes into account of customers' preference on product quality and economic considerations such as pricing, profit, market share, ca...An approach for the economic analysis of chemical product design is proposed. It takes into account of customers' preference on product quality and economic considerations such as pricing, profit, market share, capital investment, and operating cost. The activities needed to support business decision making – identifying product quality, estimating product cost, calculating financial metrics, and performing make–buy analysis – are discussed.The design of a Ganoderma lucidum dietary supplement, a traditional Chinese medicinal(TCM) product, is used to illustrate all the activities in this approach.展开更多
Neuronal toxic pollutants in environment possess hazards to human health. It is essential to determine the causative neuronal toxicants in environmental samples. In the present study, viability of primary cultured cer...Neuronal toxic pollutants in environment possess hazards to human health. It is essential to determine the causative neuronal toxicants in environmental samples. In the present study, viability of primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), combined with sample extraction, chemical fractionation and identification, was applied for screening acid-resistant neuronal toxic substances in environmental samples. River sediments and agricultural soils along the river near a brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing plant in South China were collected to screen the key neuronal toxicants. The results indicated that the manufacturing plant was a source of neuronal toxicity risks. In the sediment and soil near the plant, one of the causative toxicants was identified as tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) using HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, an unknown chemical possibly causing significant neuronal toxicity was isolated from all the soil samples in the region.展开更多
Due to the relatively late start of organic rice(Oryza sativa L.) research in China,there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties,organic fertilizer management practices,and especially the mechanisms ...Due to the relatively late start of organic rice(Oryza sativa L.) research in China,there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties,organic fertilizer management practices,and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen(N) uptake and utilization.Three rice varieties,Nanjing 5055,Nanjing 9108,and Nanjing 46,were grown under organic farming(OF) at three organic fertilizer levels(103.2,160.8,and 218.4 kg N ha^(-1)) and conventional farming(CF) with regular chemical fertilizers.Rice grain yields,yield components,and quality,dry matter accumulation,and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons.Compared with CF,OF had a significantly reduced yield.Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and percentage of filled grains,and had the lowest yield.The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties.The N content and uptake in organically grown rice were lower compared with those of rice under CF.The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower,whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF.Under OF,the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline,protein content and gel consistency increased,and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF.Correlation analysis showed that under OF,grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake.The medium organic fertilizer level(160.8 kg N ha^(-1)) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment,and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation.To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture,further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation.展开更多
We design a channel-drop filter(CDF)with a linear gradient microcavity in a two-dimensional(2D)photonic crystal(PC).The model of three-port CDF with reflector is used to achieve high quality factor(Q-factor)and 100%ch...We design a channel-drop filter(CDF)with a linear gradient microcavity in a two-dimensional(2D)photonic crystal(PC).The model of three-port CDF with reflector is used to achieve high quality factor(Q-factor)and 100%channel-drop efficiency.The research indicates that adjusting the distance between reference plane and reflector can simultaneously influence the Q-factor due to coupling to a bus waveguide and the phase retardation occurring in the round trip between a microcavity and a reflector.The calculation results of 2D finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method show that the designed filter can achieve the drop efficiency of 96.7%and ultra-high Q-factor with an ultra-small modal volume.展开更多
基金Supported by Scientific and Technological Development Plan of Yantai City(2015YD014)
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of organic fertilizer on acidified soil as well as their effects on fruit quality and quantity in Yantai orchard.[Method] Plot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer on fruit yield and quality of Red Fuji and chemical properties of acidified soil.[Result] The apple yield in acidified soil applied with organic fertilizer all increased.Under the application of biological organic fertilizer,the apple yield was higher,and it was 8.92% higher than that in the control group.Under the mixed application of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer,the growth and development of apple trees were improved,and the total soluble solid(TSS) content,vitamin C(Vc) content and TSS-acid ratio in mature apples all increased.The application of organic fertilizer significantly reduced soil acidity.Compared with those in the control group,the soil p H value,organic matter content and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content under the application of biological organic fertilizer were increased by 8.33%,15.10% and 30.80%,respectively.[Conclusion] The application of biological organic fertilizer could improve the yield of apple in acidified soil.
文摘The market of organic food products has a continuous upward trend though the growth rate and sale channels in individual countries are rather different. This research aims to identify the key factors that influence consumers＇ choice to buy organic food products in Lithuania focusing on the consumer trust in the quality and the most acceptable marketing channels. In order to get the necessary information, the residents of Vilnius （the capital of Lithuania）, as having the greatest potential for the organic food market in the country, were interviewed. The analysis of collected data was done using the methods of mathematical statistics and comparison of relative frequencies. The results of this research prove the increasing consumers＇ interest in organic food products. The majority of consumers consider these products to be healthier, better-tasting and fresher. Only about a third of the purchasers （usually buying frequently） can see differences between organic and non-organic products, therefore, there is a problem to distinguish organic food from conventional products and, consequently, remains a possibility to cheat the consumer. An additional quality control and direct sales from known and familiar farmers might increase trust in the quality of organic food products. So far, supermarkets are the most important place to buy organic foods, however, the greater consumer confidence in the quality of organic products bought at farmers＇ markets and the acceptance of the majority of purchasers to buy organic food products directly from the farmers suppose the need to develop a direct marketing system.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Achievement Transition Program(2010GB2F000408)the Undergraduates Innovating Experimentation Project of Sichuan Agricultural University
文摘[ Objective] The physiological radiation spectrum and fruit quality in different canopies of sweet cherry tree were studied. [ Method] Opti- cal fiber spectrum was applied to determine the physiological radiation spectrum in different canopies of sweet cherry tree. The fruit quality in differ- ent canopies was determined. [Result] The results showed that from the top part to the lower part and from the outer part to inner part of sweet cherry canopy, Me physiological radiation intensity and ratio of short wave light reduced significantly, while ratio of long wave light increased. Fruit mass, Vc, TSS and total sugar content were significantly decreasing, while organic acid content increasing, but the fruit edible percent was similar. Furthermore, the physiological radiation intensity was strong, fruit mass, TSS, Vc and total sugar content increased, but organic acid content re- duced. [ Condusion] The higher and bigger canopy of sweet cherry, the poor and lower physiological radiation intensity, photosynthesis accumula- tion and fruit quality. The study provided theoretical foundation and reference for the trim of sweet cherry.
文摘Wheat ranks first among cereal crops cultivated in the world. In its production, diseases like powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and rusts caused by fungal pathogens represent a major problem. They produce different symptoms that cause severe crop damage by infecting the spikes, leaves, roots, stems and grains. They are causing losses both by reducing the quantity of the harvested crop and the quality of the product. Quality problems of the harvested product can be due to shrivelled seed, which are frequently found as a consequence of the infection by leaf pathogens, such as mildews, rusts and Septoria. Fusarium head blight is the major culprit for mycotoxin contamination from the harvested grain, causing economic losses and in the worst casing human and animal health problems. In severe epidemics, all these fungal diseases can significantly reduce yield. Resistance to fungi is beneficial not only from a commercial point of view （yield）, but also because of the reduced levels of mycotoxins. The integration of transgenic approaches offers a potential chemical-free and environment-friendly solution for controlling fungal pathogens. This is an essential asset for wheat world food security.
文摘Citric acid is an important organic substance whose marketing concerns various fields. Nevertheless, until 1997 the scientific literature reported little information about the process of crystallization by cooling through which the commercial product is obtained. In particular, the available studies were aimed to investigate only the kinetics of nucleation and crystal growth neglecting some effective aspects of the industrial crystallization in mechanically stirred apparatus. In order to fill that sci-tech gap, the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University ＂La Sapienza＂ of Rome decided to lead a long and meticulous experimental research on the crystallization in discontinuous （batch） of CAM （citric acid monohydrate） in the allotropic form that is stable at room temperature. Due to the number of people involved in that pioneering work, carried out in the historic laboratories of＂La Sapienza＂ （Faculty of Engineering）, and motivated by the publication of related M.Sc. dissertations and research papers, such collective effort was called ＂School of Industrial Crystallization＂. Among the graduate students in Chemical Engineering that 17 years ago participated in that fruitful experience there was also the author who, under the supervision of Prof. Barbara Mazzarotta, had the specific task of assessing the effects on CAM of changing the crystallization operating conditions until their optimization; the achievements are briefly illustrated in this paper.
文摘An approach for the economic analysis of chemical product design is proposed. It takes into account of customers' preference on product quality and economic considerations such as pricing, profit, market share, capital investment, and operating cost. The activities needed to support business decision making – identifying product quality, estimating product cost, calculating financial metrics, and performing make–buy analysis – are discussed.The design of a Ganoderma lucidum dietary supplement, a traditional Chinese medicinal(TCM) product, is used to illustrate all the activities in this approach.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2009CB421605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20890111, 20921063 & 20931160427)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2008IM041300)
文摘Neuronal toxic pollutants in environment possess hazards to human health. It is essential to determine the causative neuronal toxicants in environmental samples. In the present study, viability of primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), combined with sample extraction, chemical fractionation and identification, was applied for screening acid-resistant neuronal toxic substances in environmental samples. River sediments and agricultural soils along the river near a brominated flame retardant (BFR) manufacturing plant in South China were collected to screen the key neuronal toxicants. The results indicated that the manufacturing plant was a source of neuronal toxicity risks. In the sediment and soil near the plant, one of the causative toxicants was identified as tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) using HPLC-MS/MS. In addition, an unknown chemical possibly causing significant neuronal toxicity was isolated from all the soil samples in the region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31201154 and 31571596)the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,China (No. K12008)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘Due to the relatively late start of organic rice(Oryza sativa L.) research in China,there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties,organic fertilizer management practices,and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen(N) uptake and utilization.Three rice varieties,Nanjing 5055,Nanjing 9108,and Nanjing 46,were grown under organic farming(OF) at three organic fertilizer levels(103.2,160.8,and 218.4 kg N ha^(-1)) and conventional farming(CF) with regular chemical fertilizers.Rice grain yields,yield components,and quality,dry matter accumulation,and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons.Compared with CF,OF had a significantly reduced yield.Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and percentage of filled grains,and had the lowest yield.The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties.The N content and uptake in organically grown rice were lower compared with those of rice under CF.The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower,whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF.Under OF,the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline,protein content and gel consistency increased,and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF.Correlation analysis showed that under OF,grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake.The medium organic fertilizer level(160.8 kg N ha^(-1)) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment,and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation.To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture,further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Higher Education Institutions of Guangxi Province in China(No.201202ZD010)
文摘We design a channel-drop filter(CDF)with a linear gradient microcavity in a two-dimensional(2D)photonic crystal(PC).The model of three-port CDF with reflector is used to achieve high quality factor(Q-factor)and 100%channel-drop efficiency.The research indicates that adjusting the distance between reference plane and reflector can simultaneously influence the Q-factor due to coupling to a bus waveguide and the phase retardation occurring in the round trip between a microcavity and a reflector.The calculation results of 2D finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method show that the designed filter can achieve the drop efficiency of 96.7%and ultra-high Q-factor with an ultra-small modal volume.
