电子在均匀电场中运动方向上有效作用力测量实验

根据牛顿理论和狭义相对论都认为带电粒子在均匀电场中受到的电场力F=eE，是不受电子运动速度影响的。作者用实验证明这个理论只适合在极低速情况，在高速情况下是不合适的，或说是错误的。

OPTIMIZATION FOR COMBAT CONFIGURATION OF AIR DEFENSE WEAPON SYSTEMS

At evaluating the combat effectiveness of the defense system, target′s probability to penetrate the defended area is a primary care taking index. In this paper, stochastic model to compete the probability that target penetrates the defended area along any flight path is established by the state analysis and statistical equilibrium analysis of stochastic service system theory. The simulated annealing algorithm is an enlightening random search method based on Monte Carlo recursion, and it can find global optimal solution by simulating annealing process. Combining stochastic model to compete the probability and simulated annealing algorithm, this paper establishes the method to solve problem quantitatively about combat configuration optimization of weapon systems. The calculated result shows that the perfect configuration for fire cells of the weapon is fast found by using this method, and this quantificational method for combat configuration is faster and more scientific than previous one based on principle via map fire field.

Effects of Growing of Different Types of Crops on Constitution of Soil Available Nitrogen and Conversion and Utilization of Nitrogen Fertilizer

The soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum were planted in pot under low nitrogen, high nitrogen treatments, the soil available nitrogen constitution and con- version and utilization of nitrogen fertilizer were determined, so as to provide techni- cal guidance for reasonable use and improving use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for different types of crops. Compared with the control with nitrogen but unplanted crop, growing soybean, cotton, maize, sorghum significantly decreased the soil available N contents by 53. 48%, 51.54%, 33.10%, 55.03%,and influenced the constitution of soil available N. Thereinto, growing soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum significantly decreased soil inorganic N contents by 85.41%, 83.09%, 70.89% and 83.35%,but increased soil hydrolysable organic N contents by 1.41, 1.53, 2.11 and 1.28 times, respectively; growing soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum significantly decreased the rate of soil inorganic N to available N by 68.61%, 65.09%, 56.47% and 63.00%, but increased the rate of soil hydrolysable organic N to available N by 4.18, 4.21, 3.66 and 4.08 times, respectively. Compared with the control, growing soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum significantly increased the transform rate of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer by 93.66%, 38.19%, 32.58% and 38.31% respectively, and growing soybean treatment had the highest increasing range; the nitrification rates of ammo- nium nitrogen fertilizer of growing soybean, cotton, maize and sorghum treatments were negative values, and growing soybean treatment had the highest decreasing amplitude. The ammonium nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of growing soybean, cot- ton, maize and sorghum treatments were 52.01%, 28.31%, 24.16% and 28.40% re- spectively and growing soybean treatment had the highest value. In conclusion, growing crops suppressed the soil nitrification and accelerated the development of soil hydrolysable organic nitrogen by the utilization of soil available nitrogen and the alteration of soil environment, and hence impacted the constitution of soil available nitrogen and the transform and use of ammonium nitrogen applied in soil. Legumi- nous crops had stronger ability of suppressing nitrification, making use of ammonium compared with non-Leguminous crops.

EXPRESSION OF MASPIN AND KAI1 AND THEIR CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN CARCINOGENESIS AND PROGRESSION OF GASTRIC CANCER

To investigate the roles of maspin and kai1 expression in tumorigenesis and progression of gastric cancer. Methods Maspin and kai1 expressions were detected in normal gastric mucosa (n = 182), gastric dysplasia (n = 69), and gastric cancer (n = 113) by immunohisto-chemistry. Their expressions were compared with clinicopathological parameters of tumors. Relationship between maspin and kai1 expression was also concerned in gastric cancer. Results The positive rates of maspin expression were 79.8% (145/182), 75.4% (52/69), and 50.4% (57/113) in normal gastric mucosa, gastric dysplasia, and gastric cancer, while those of kai1 expression were 81.9% (149/182), 65.2% (49/69), and 58.4% (66/113) in corresponding tissues respectively. Gastric cancer less frequently expressed maspin than the normal gastric mucosa and gastric dysplasia (P < 0.05), while dysplasia and cancer showed less frequent expression of kai1 than normal mucosa (P < 0.05). Maspin expression showed negative association with invasive depth, metastasis, Lauren’s and histological classifications (P < 0.05), but not with tumor size, Borrmann’s classification, growth pattern or TNM staging (P > 0.05). Kai1 expression was negatively correlated with invasive depth, metastasis, growth pattern, Lauren’s and histo-logical classifications (P < 0.05), but not with tumor size, Borrmann’s classification or TNM staging (P > 0.05). Maspin and kai1 were collaboratively expressed in gastric cancer (P < 0.05). Conclusions Down-regulated expressions of maspin and kai1 play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. Abnormal expression of maspin and kai1 might have inhibitory effects on invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer and act as an effe-ctive and objective marker to indicate the pathobiological behaviors of gastric cancer.

More than Target 6.3： A Systems Approach to Rethinking Sustainable Development Goals in a Resource-Scarce World

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development outlines 17 individual Sustainable Development Goals （SDGs） that guide the needs of practice for many professional disciplines around the world, including engineering, research, policy, and development. The SDGs represent commitments to reduce poverty, hunger, ill health, gender inequality, environmental degradation, and lack of access to clean water and sanitation. If a typical reductionist approach is employed to address and optimize individual goals, it may lead to a failure in technological, policy, or managerial development interventions through unin- tended consequences in other goals. This study uses a systems approach to understand the fundamental dynamics between the SDGs in order to identify potential synergies and antagonisms. A conceptual system model was constructed to illustrate the causal relationships between SDGs, examine system structures using generic system archetypes, and identify leverage points to effectively influence intentional and minimize unintentional changes in the system. The structure of interactions among the SDGs reflects three archetypes of system behavior： Reinforcing Growth, Limits to Growth, and Growth and Underinvestment. The leverage points identified from the conceptual model are gender equality, sustainable management of water and sanitation, alternative resources, sustainable livelihood standards, and global partnerships. Such a conceptual system analysis of SDGs can enhance the likelihood that the development community will broaden its understanding of the potential synergistic benefits of their projects on resource management, environmental sustainability, and climate change. By linking the interactions and feedbacks of those projects with economic gains, women＇s empowerment, and educational equality, stakeholders can recognize holistic improvements that can be made to the quality of life of many of the world＇s poor.

Mechanisms of Difference in Mn Efficiency Between Wheat and Oilseed Rape

By solution culture experiment, three wheat genotypes (Ttiticum aestivum L.) and two oilseed rape genotypes (Brassica napus L.) differing in Mn efficiency under Mn-deficient conditions were used to study mechanisms of the difference in Mn efficiency between wheat and oilseed rape. The results showed that there were significant differences in the abilities of MnIV reduction and acidification in root rhizosphere between the two species. Compared with wheat, oilseed rape had much higher reducing capacity and intensity of rhizosphere acidification under Mn-deficient conditions. Moreover, the higher ratio of functional leaves Mn/old leaves Mn in oilseed rape than in wheat was also an important factor for the different Mn efficiencies between the two species.

Density Functional Study on Relative Energies, Structures, and Bonding ofLow-lying Electronic States of Lutetium Dimer

Low-lying electronic states of the lutetium dimer （Lu2） were studied based on density functional theory （DFT） using ten different density functionals together with three different relativistic effective core pseudopotentials （RECPs）. Relative state energies, equilibrium bond lengths, vibrational frequencies, and ground-state dissociation energies were evaluated. It was found that the ground state is a triplet state irrespective of the type of functional and RECP used. This result is in contrast with a previous DFT calculation which gave a singlet ground state for Lu2. By comparing with the high-level ab initio and available experimental results, it is evident that the hybrid-GGA functionals combined with the Stuttgart smallcore RECP yield the best overall agreement for the properties under study. The effects of Hartree-Fock exchange in B3LYP functional on the calculated bond length and dissociation energy of the ground state were examined, and rationalized in terms of 5d participation in Lu-Lu covalent bonding.

Satellite Retrieval of a Strong Hailstorm Process

A case of hailstorm process occurring on 24 June 2006 in northwestern China was studied using satellite retrieval methodology. The particle effective radius (re) in the cloud tops was calculated by the reflectance in the 3.7 μm channel, and cloud-top microphysical properties were vividly represented using the RGB visual multispectral classification scheme. The microphysical zones of clouds and the processes of hail formation and develop-ment are inferred using the relations of cloud-top temperature (T) versus re for the tops of convective clouds. The results show that particle effective radius was smaller near the cloud base of hailstorm. There was a deep zone of diffusional droplet growth at the low level where the particles grew slowly with height, and there existed an evident area of small ice particles in the cloud top, suggesting the existence of a strong updraft in the clouds. The low glaciated temperature indicated a great depth from the cloud base to the glaciation height, which provided a deep layer of supercooled water for hail growth.

A Method for Determining Available Fixed Ammoniumin Soils

Dynamics of fixed NH in NH-treated soils incubated with glucose at 37±2℃ during the course ofincubation and factors affecting it were studied. Results showed that content of fixed NH in soil reached aminimun on day 7 after incubation and then increased gradually regardless of the amount of glucose addedand the kind of soil tested. However, the amount of fixed NH released from the soil at the given time variedwith both the amount of glucose added and the kind of soil examined. In cases glucose was added at a rateof 10.0g C/kg soil, the amount of fixed NH retained in soil after 7 days of incubation was almost identicalto that found by Neubauer test. Addition of K￣+ depressed the release of fixed NH significantly. Based onthe results obtained a method for determining the content of available fixed NH in soils was proposed andthe amount of N as available fixed NH in two soils measured by this method on an area profile-depth basiswas presented.

Inhibition of Porcine Small Intestinal Sucrase by Validamine

As an important medicinal intermediate with broad uses, validamine, an aminocyclitol, isolated from the enzymolysis broth of validamycins, has gained more and more attention. The absolute configuration of validamine is similar to that of a-D-glucose, and it demonstrates powerful inhibition activity on glycosidase. In this paper, the inhibitory effect of validamine on porcine small intestinal sucrase was investigated. Validamine was found to be a potent, competitive inhibitor to porcine small intestinal sucrase in vitro with an IC50 value of 6.85 X 10(-4) mol center dot L-1. Validamine exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition effect on porcine small intestinal sucrase, whereby the inhibition interaction of validamine and porcine small intestinal sucrase was a fast binding process. The inhibition of validamine on porcine small intestinal sucrase was pH-dependent.

Validity of a Making Method for a Homogeneous Specimen Using Micro-wave

It is too difficult for a compacted specimen of unsaturated clay prepared and used in a laboratory test to have homogeneous water content and porosity. Although there have been many hydraulic and mechanical studies, there are few papers related to homogeneity of specimen. However, it is clear that homogeneity of specimen influences mechanical properties. In this paper, the use of micro-waves is proposed as method for making homogeneous specimens. The study results indicate that specimens made by micro-waves are more homogeneous than compacted specimens.

A Concept Analysis of Continuity of Care in Nursing

Purpose： This paper is a report about the concept analysis of continuity of care, to get further understanding of continuity of care. Methods： The Walker and Avant concept analysis approach was applied in this paper. Results： The three attributes include： seamless transfer, flexible reaction and effective interaction. The antecedents were changed needs and patient centred care. In addition, the continuity of care had a significant effect on patients’ outcome, satisfaction and costs. Conclusions： This analysis provides nurses an understanding about continuity of care in both patient’s and care provider’s perspective. Continuity of care is a tailored services provided by care givers, which is an essential element of healthcare system.

Urea Hydrolysis and Urease Inhibitors Under Submerged Condition

INTRODUCTION It is an interesting research area using urease inhibitors to curb urease activity in soil,to decrease the rate of urea hydrolysis and to increase the recovery of urea nitrogen(Zhou,1984;Guan,1985).Few studies have been conducted on the relationship betweenthe effectiveness of the inhibitors applied to rice and the environmental conditions and

Effective Management of Own Funds in Polish Cooperative Banks

Today cooperative banks belong to the most significant financial institution in the world. Moreover, they can compete with commercial banks. The own funds of the cooperative bank are important in their activity. The main goal of this paper is to investigate how much the level of the own funds of the Polish cooperative banks influenced their efficiency. The research pertained to operating cooperative banks in Poland. The following measures of the efficiency were used in the research： return on Equity （ROE）, net profit, index C/I, and financial margin. The results of the study indicate that banks from the Quartile III （highest aggregate own funds）, had the highest net profits, the highest ROE, the lowest C/I value, the lowest ROE, and the lowest financial markups. On this basis, it remains to be recommended that banks of highest aggregate own funds continue expansion of own funds which will increase lending capacity and subsequently contribute to higher effectiveness.

Greenhouse Farming as Adaptation to Climate Change in Nigeria

The effect of climate change in recent times has disrupted the onset and duration of seasons in Nigeria manifesting in the reduction of both staple and cash crops, and livestock yields. This has transformed the country to a major importer of those agricultural produce she hitherto exported. As a country where over 70% of the population depends on agriculture for survival, the impacts of climate change are a major threat to both food security and the general econoray. Remedial measures which have been suggested including adoption of agronomic and tested practices, reduced burning and afforestation. An option that could be of great potential in ameliorating this situation but which has not been practiced especially in the production of specialty crops is the use of greenhouse farming. This paper discusses the impact of climate change on Nigerian agriculture. The potentials and logistics are required for effective use of greenhouse farming as an adaptation to climate change in Nigeria. It is suggested that research should be carded out to select appropriate glazing materials. The provisions of training and credit facilities for interested farmers are recommended for effective utilization of the system.

A comprehensive investigation of loading variance influence on fuel consumption and gas emissions in mine haulage operation

The data collected from haul truck payload management systems at various surface mines show that the payload variance is significant and must be considered in analysing the mine productivity, diesel energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and associated costs. The aim of this study is to determine the energy and cost saving opportunities for truck haulage operations associated with the payload variance in surface mines. The results indicate that there is a non-linear relationship between the payload variance and the fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and associated costs. A correlation model, which is independent of haul road conditions, has been developed between the payload variance and the cost saving using the data from an Australian surface coal mine. The results of analysis for this particular mine show that a significant saving of fuel and greenhouse gas emissions costs is possible if the standard deviation of payload is reduced from the maximum to minimum value.

The critical loading for lateral buckling of continuous welded rail

The most significant differences between continuous welded rails （CWRs） and general split-type connectors are axial compression in the longitudinal direction, buckling stability and other issues generated under the influence of thermal effect. Under thermal effect, a dynamical behavior similar to that of a beam fixed on two sides occurs in the central locked area of the welded rail, as there is axial compression but no possibility of sliding. Continuous welded rails do not contract or expand, and are supported by the dynamical system made up of ballasts and rail clips. The rail-support system mentioned above has the features of non-uniform material distribution and uncertainty of construction quality. Due to these facts, the dynamics method based on the linear elastic hypothesis cannot correctly evaluate the rail＇s buckling conditions. This study is aimed at applying Finite Difference Method （FDM） and Monte Carlo Random Normal Variables Method to the analysis of welded rail＇s buckling behavior during the train＇s acceleration and deceleration, under thermal effect and uncertain factors of ballast and rail clips. The analysis result showed that buckling occurs under the combined effect of thermal effect and the train＇s deceleration force co-effect and the variance ratio of ballast and rail clips is over 0.85, or under the combined effect of thermal effect and the train＇s acceleration force when the ariance ratio is over 0.88.

Alternate Two Different Modes of Actions of Green Chemicals to Combat Batrachedra amydraula Meyrick and Cadra cautella Walk on Date Palm Fruit, Egypt

Alternate two different modes of actions of green chemicals： spinosad ＆ methoxyfenozide to combat the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula and the Almond moth, Cadra cautella Walk on dates in Dakhla Oasis, New Valley, Egypt were done in 2010 and 201 I. Based on infestation of the early insect pest B. amydraula, the three-rotation program with basic 1st spray of spinosad 24 SC at 20 mL/100 L showed insignificant difference. Based on minimum effective rotation doses, alternating spinosad 24 SC at 20 mL/100 L, then methoxyfenozide 24 SC at 15 mL/100 L with two-week interval showed zero infestation and 1.8% at the last sample of 2010 and 2011, respectively. Based on infestation of the late insect pest, Cadra spp., tlhe same previous trend of the three-rotation results. Based on minimum effective rotation doses, alternating spinosad 24 SC at 20 mL/100 L, then methoxyfenozid 24 SC at 15 mL/100 L with three-week interval indicated less than 1% and 1% infestation during harvest for 2010 and 201 l, respectively. The last reflected important value when storing the fruit. Both products proved to be working under dry hot high temperatures.

Radon Dosimetry in Erbil City Hospitals

The aim of the study was to compare radon concentrations and effective dose equivalent in state hospitals inside the Erbil city having different periods of building. Effective doses were estimated in different floors of the five selected hospitals by using the （CR-39） solid state nuclear track detectors with the guide of 1CRP Publication 66. The hanged dosimeters were left for about 60 days and after etching the radon concentration, annual effective dose and effective dose equivalents were calculated. Annual effective doses were estimated as 〈 1 mSv, so the results reveal the present concentrations to be below the standard values in the studied hospitals. Therefore, no healthy risks concerning the radon activities are existing in the hospital staff and patients in these hospitals.

Soil Removal Efficacy of Catholyte on Polyamide 6.6 Fabric

This study determined the detergency properties of Catholyte, an electrochemically activated medium, on polyamide 6.6 as a possible alternative to conventional laundering detergents. Undyed polyamide 6.6 was used and soiled with keltex, corn starch, mineral oil, oleic acid, morpholine, vegetable fat, butanol, solvesso 150 and water. Some soiled fabric was retained as control and not laundered. Soiled fabric was laundered at 30 ~C as well as 40 ~C with either, distilled water, Catholyte, non-phosphate detergent, a 50/50 solution of Catholyte and non-phosphate detergent, or a 50/50 solution of Catholyte and phosphate detergent. Data were analyzed descriptively by using analysis of variance （ANOVA）, which fitted the factors of treatment and temperature, as well as all two-factor interactions between these variables. A probability value of 0.05 or less indicated significance. Catholyte was effective in removing soil and reached a/XE＊ value of 59.30, but was statistically different from the phosphate detergent. Temperature did not have a significant effect on soil removal from the fabric, but the interaction with a treatment had significant effects. Treatment alone had a significant soil removal effect on the fabric. Thus, the temperature was dependent on an interaction with the treatment. The non-phosphate detergent was efficient in removing soil from the fabric and slightly more efficient than either 50/50 Catholyte solution. The 50/50 Catholyte/non-phosphate detergent solution was slightly less effective than its phosphate containing counterpart. When considering the interaction between treatment and temperature, the 50/50 Catholyte/phosphate and 50/50 Catholyte/non-phosphate solutions were more efficient at 40 ~C. Thus the interaction between the solution and higher temperature proved to be a better combination. This was also the case for the Catholyte and the non-phosphate wash liquors. Catholyte, an environmentally friendly washing agent, is an attractive alternative to conventional laundry detergents because it removes soil efficiently from polyamide 6.6 fabric.