热力学与传热学的共性理论基础——可逆与不可逆过程普适的有效能方程

回顾总结了热力学与传热学共性理论基础研究的系列成果,从正视热力学第二定律、"熵产"理论在实际应用中存在的问题入手,以势能理论为依据,用相对环境平衡态的势能为基准态势能定义了能量中的有效能和无效能。这种定义具有与""相同的性质,又能从定义式直接写出有效能函数的表达式。继而利用热力学第一定律方程,推导出了普适的有效能方程、有效能率方程,并与熵方程、■耗散方程和方程进行了比较。前者方程各项都只与状态有关,都能独立计算出来,而后三个方程都有一项与不可逆过程有关的补缺项。把有效能率方程应用于传热过程,导出了传热效率的表达式;应用于实际热机系统,导出了传热与热力耦合系统的输出功率、输入热流率、效率、换热器传热系数以及热源参数之间的关系,并举例应用于系统优化设计。本文构建的热力学和传热学共性理论,为热机与换热器耦合进行热力系统综合分析和协调优化提供了理论基础。

Effective Potential of a Two-State Model for Molecular Motor

We study force generation and motion of molecular motors using a simple two-state model in the paper.Asymmetric and periodic potential is adopted to describe the interaction between motor proteins and filaments that are periodic and polar. The current and the slope of the effective potential as functions of the temperature and transition rates are calculated in the two-state model. The ratio of the slope of the effective potential to the current is also calculated. It is shown that the directed motion of motor proteins is relevant to the effective potential. The slope of the effective potential corresponds to an average force. The non-vanishing force therefore implies that detailed balance is broken in the process of transition between different states.