关于国家力量效率的判断标准

判断国家力量效率的高低 ,可以从国家对国家力量运用的自主性程度、国家力量运动的指向性。

基于相关向量机的电站锅炉NO_x燃烧优化

为了降低电站锅炉NOx排放量,采用一种新的机器学习方法——相关向量机对某330 MW煤粉汽包锅炉的一、二次风速以及含氧量等26个输入参数和NOx输出结果进行建模,并用万有引力算法对模型的参数进行优化,获得最优模型。与粒子群算法、遗传算法优化相关向量机以及万有引力算法优化支持向量机等进行了比较,选择锅炉输入参数中的可调变量为优化变量,以NOx低排放量为目标进行优化,获得低NOx排放的输入参数。结果证明：万有引力优化相关向量机算法建立的模型精确度比其它几种算法高,对模型进行低NOx优化后,NOx输出值由最初的的906.65 mg/m3变为550.600 mg/m3,下降幅度约为38.9%,实现了NOx排放量大幅度降低。

关于赫尔德历史发展的思想

赫尔德是历史哲学的开拓者之一。他从人在宇宙中的地位出发,独创性的提出了历史发展思想。他的历史哲学思想具有两面性。

Effect of Different Fertilization Practices on Yield of a Wheat-Maize Rotation and Soil Fertility

A 15-year field experiment was carried out in Henan Province, China, to study the effects of different fertilization practices on yield of a wheat-maize rotation. Fertilizers tested contained N alone (N), N plus P (NP) or plus P and K (NPK), all with or without manure (M). Different long-term fertilization practices affected the yields under the rotation system of wheat and maize differently and the effects on yields was in a general trend of MNPK＞MNP＞MN＞NPK＞NP＞M＞N＞the control. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to the highest yield was 37.9%, and the rest 62.1% came from fertilizer applications. The yield effects of the chemical fertilizers were in the order of N＞P＞K and were increased by application of manure.Balanced fertilization with multielement chemical fertilizers and manure can be effective in maintaining growth in agricultural production. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure also increased the content of soil organic matter.

Land＇s Prior Use Affects the Establishment and Productivity of Rabbiteye Blueberry （Vaccinium ashel~ Cultivars

＂Austin＂ and ＂Climax＂ rabbiteye blueberries （Vaccinium ashei） grown on two soil types in Columbia, AL were studied during 2009-2010 to evaluate the effect of soil quality on blueberry vegetative growth, yield, and fruit characteristics. The site previously used for peanut production had 2% organic matter, a high soil pH, and a high phosphorus level, while the site previously left to pasture had twice as much organic matter, lower pH and phosphorus. Both cultivars had greater fruit set when grown on pasture land in comparison to the same cultivars grown on old crop land. Pasture land grown ＂Austin＂ and ＂Climax＂ plants produced as much as three times greater yields than the same cultivars grown on old crop land, and were more vigorous in comparison with plants grown on old crop land. Higher plant vigor and yields may be a result of the alleviation of establishment stress provided by the higher organic content found on the pasture land soil. Proper soil amendment prior to planting may serve to improve some of the differences in rabbiteye blueberry plant performance during the years of establishment.

Studies on the effects of bio-organic fertilizer on the physical and chemical characteristics of soil and the yield of cassava＊

Bio-organic fertilizer is a new type of fertilizer which have advantages of both organic manure and fertilizer. This study investigated the effects of bio-organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of cassava and the soil fertility. The study was carried out in the period of 2004-2005 and the material was cassava cultivar FUXUAN01. The bio-organic fertilizers were applied as basic fertilizers on four different levels of 450 kg/hm^2, 600 kg/hm^2, 750 kg/hm^2, 900 kg/hm^2 in this experiment. The growth of stem and leaf, the yield of earthnut and the starch content of tuber root of cassava and the unit weight, the hole percent, the content of organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, microbes, the activity of soil urease and invertase were analyzed during the experiment. The results showed that not only can the bio-organic fertilizer promote the growth of cassava stems and leaves, increase the chlorophyll content and the photosynthesis of leaves, improve the physiological metabolism of cassava, and strengthen physiological function of anti-senility, promote the transformation from photosynthetic organism to tuber root and increase the yield and starch content in the tuber root of cassava, but also decrease the soil unit weight, increase the hole percent of soil, promote microbe activity in the soil, increase the activity of soil urease and invertase, promote the availability of nutrients, increase the content of organic matters, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and increase the utilization rate of fertilizer. It was an effective way to apply the bio-organic fertilizer to increase the yield and starch content in the tuber root of cassava, improving the physical and chemical characters of soil and increasing the soil fertility.

The Research on Carbon Accumulation of Grassland Ecological System in China

This article mainly introduced the research progress of the carbon accumulation on grassland ecological system, which is under the condition of the carbon cycle and the climate change in China. And in carbon cycle and the carbon storage on the terrestrial ecosystem, the author also analyzed the status and functions of the Chinese grassland ecological system. Based on the evaluation of the primary productivity, soil organic carbon and dry falling objects, herding utilization, the grass reclamation and other factors that affect carbon accumulation on grassland ecological system, the author then put forward the primal problems and the prospect of the research on China＇s carbon accumulation of grassland ecological system. The future of carbon stock volume in grassland ecosystem in China has great potential, the fixed carbon content is about 152 Tg/a, far more than the United States, Canada, Russia and other countries.

Re-interpretation of the classical geopolitical theories in a critical geopolitical perspective

Struggling for supremacy between great powers and the rise or fall and regime change of great powers are all subject to the Geopolitical Law. Geographers should keep in step with the times, accurately grasp the national interests, and seize the opportunity to contribute to the great rejuvenation of our nation. However, due to lack of criticism on the history and philosophy of geopolitics, we can neither accurately understand the geopolitical theory, nor effectively put the geopolitical theory into practice. This paper introduces the development of critical geopolitics, summarizes the three characteristics of critical geopolitics, and interprets the four classical geopolitical theories accordingly. In order to simplify the interpretation process, this paper firstly presents an analytical framework for interpretation of four classical geopolitical theories; secondly, focuses on interpretation of "The Geographical Pivot of History" put forward by Mackinder according to the analytical framework; finally, critically summarizes the four classical geopolitical theories. Through the critical interpretation, this paper draws a conclusion that there are the scientific, hypothetical and conceptual classical geopolitical theories. The construction of classical geopolitical theories is based on the international geopolitical structure, spatial distribution of national interests and inter-state spatial conflict, in order to show the identity of theoretical constructor, so as to reflect the historicality, sociality, situationality and geographical knowledge – power structure of geopolitical theories.

Influence of Organic Matter Content on Hydro-Structural Properties of Constructed Technosols

Constructed Technosols may be an alternative for creating urban green spaces. However, the hydro-structural properties emer- ging from the assembly of artefacts have never been documented. The soil shrinkage curve （SSC） could provide relevant structural information about constructed Technosols, such as the water holding capacity of each pore system （macropores and micropores）. The objectives of this study were （i） to evaluate the SSC and water retention curve （WRC） to describe the structure of constructed Tech- nosols and （ii） to understand the influence of organic matter content on soil hydro-structural properties. In this study, Technosols were obtained by mixing green waste compost （GWC） with the material excavated from deep horizons of soil （EDH）. The CWC was mixed with EDH in six different volumetric percentages from 0% to 50% （GWC/total）. The GWC and EDH exhibited highly divergent hydro-structural properties： the SSC was hyperbolic for GWC and sigmoid for EDH. All six mixture treatments （0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% GWC） exhibited the classical sigmoid shape, revealing two embedded levels of pore systems. The 20% GWC treatment was hydro-structurally similar to the 30% and 40% GWC treatments; so, a large quantity of expansive GWC is unnecessary. The relation with the GWC percentage was a second-degree equation for volumetric available water in micropores, but was linear for volumetric available water in macropores and total volumetric available water. Total volumetric available water in the 50% GWC treatment was twice as high as that in the 0% GWC treatment. By combining SSCs and WRCs, increasing the GWC percentage increased water holding capacity by decreasing the maximum equivalent size of water-saturated micropores at the shrinkage limit and increasing the maximum equivalent size of water-saturated macropores, resulting in an increased range of pore diameter able to retain available water.