关于有机州愿景的若干思考

有机州不以经济增长为目标,而是将可持续的生物圈的"共同福祉"作为其最终归宿。人是生物圈中最重要的一部分,因此,人类的健康和幸福对于生物圈同样重要。不仅人类的利益是有价值的,而且其它生物本身也是有价值的,在人类对自然环境的开发和利用过程中,国家应力图保证这一实施是在可持续发展的限度之内,而要保持这种状态就要求国家在经济方面能够自给自足。这样,我们将会步入循环经济的行列,在这个循环经济过程中,我们的基本需求都能够得到满足。

Comparison of Soil Biota Between Organic and Conventional Agroecosystems in Oregon, USA

Soil samples at 0-10 cm in depth were collected periodically at paired fields in Corvallis, Oregon, USA to compare differences in soil microbial and faunal populations between organic and conventional agroecosystems. Results showed that the organic soil ecosystem had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) average number or biomass of soil bacteria; densities of flagellates, amoebae of protozoa; some nematodes, such as microbivorous and predaceous nematodes and plant-parasitic nematodes; as well as Collembola. Greater numbers of Rhabditida (such as Rhabditis spp.), were present in the organic soil ecosystem while Panagrolaimus spp. were predominant in the conventional soil ecosystem. The omnivores and predators of Acarina in the Mesostigmata (such as Digamasellidae and Laelapid), and Prostigmata (such as Alicorhaiidae and Rhagidiidae), were also more abundant in the organic soil ecosystem. However, fungivorous Prostigmata (such as Terpnacaridae and Nanorchestidae) and Astigmata (such as Acarida) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the conventional soil ecosystem, which supported the finding that total fungal biomass was greater in the conventional soil ecosystem. Seansonal variations of the population depended mostly on soil moisture condition and food web relationship. The population declined from May to October for both agroecosystems. However, higher diversities and densities of soil biota survived occurred in the organic soil ecosystem in the dry season.

Chemical characterization and composition of dissolved organic matter in Jiaozhou Bay

Biologically utilizable dissolved organic compounds,including dissolved organic carbon (DOC),dissolved carbohydrates (DCHO) and dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) were analyzed in filtered surface seawater samples collected at 19 stations in Jiaozhou Bay,China,on June 3,2007.In these samples,concentrations of DOC,dissolved free carbohydrates (DFCHO),dissolved combined carbohydrates (DCCHO),total dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHO) and total dissolved free amino acids (TDFAA) ranged from 141.7 to 191.1 μmol C/L,1.98 to 18.18 μmol C/L,5.04 to 24.90 μmol C/L,14.52 to 30.36 μmol C/L,and 1.83 to 11.89 μmol C/L,respectively.As a major component of the dissolved carbohydrates,the concentrations of DCCHO were about three times higher than those of DFCHO.Three major constituents of the DFAA were threonine (23.0±5.7 mol%),glutamic acid (16.6±3.2 mol%) and arginine (9.1±3.3 mol%).Based on the composition of DFAA,a molar C:N ratio of 3.60±0.75 in DFAA was derived,indicating longer carbon chains in the amino acids.DCCHO (8.1%) was the most abundant fraction of DOM in most samples,followed by DFCHO (4.8%) and TDFAA (2.7%).These DOM concentrations displayed a decreasing trend from the coast to the central region.Significant correlations were found between the DCCHO and DFCHO concentrations (r=-0.724,n=19,P<0.001) and the DCCHO and TDCHO concentrations (r=0.506,n=19,P=0.027).

C4-Napier Grass Cultivation for Cadmium Phytoremediation Activity and Organic Livestock Farming in Kyushu, Japan

Napier grass （Pennisetum purpureum Schumach）, a C4 tropical plant, has high dry matter productivity and sustainability without the need for renovating every year due to good overwintering ability and the absence of serious pathogens or insects injury. This grass is suitable for multipurpose use, providing forage, bioethanol feedstock and phytoremediation of cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil in Kyushu, Japan. When two cultivars of Napier grass （Wruk wona, WK and Merkeron, ME） were grown in Cd-contaminated soils, dry matter yield and the concentration and uptake of herbage Cd were higher in WK than in ME, and soil Cd concentration was reduced by 14% in a single season of cultivation. A dwarf variety of late-heading type （DL）, Napier grass had superior sustainability for more than 5 years in Miyazaki, Japan, and has gradually increased in cultivation areas for both cut-and-carry and grazing herbage production in cooperation with regional communities. Through the extension in several Kyushu areas, DL Napier grass required temperatures above -6.2 ~C for sustainability in winter, based on its threshold response to the lethal minimum temperature. DL Napier grass pasture can be utilized by grazing beef cattle even in early spring with temperate Italian ryegrass inter-sown into its inter-row spaces. Organic digested animal manure or sun-dried leguminous leaves as green manure can replace chemical fertilizers to reduce energy consumption and allow comparable productivity.

Pollution of HCHs,DDTs and PCBs in tidal flat of Hangzhou Bay 2009–2013

The concentration and distribution of three persistent organic pollutants （hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） and polyehlorinated biphenyls （PCBs）） was assessed in tidal fiat sediments collected from the south bank of Hangzhou Bay, China from 2009 to 2013. Gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （GC-MS/MS） was used for analysis, based on United States Environmental Protection Agency methods EPAS080A, EPA8081B, and EPA3550B. The results showed that the levels of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs decreased in the order of DDTs 〉 HCHs 〉 PCBs, and their mass fractions ranged from 0.29-32.91, 0.09-13.19 and 0.16-4.10 ktg/kg （dry mass）, respectively. The levels of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs decreased slowly from 2009 to 2013, with considerably greater concentrations in winter than in spring and summer. In this study area, the concentrations of DDTs and HCHs decreased gradually towards the mouth of Hangzhou Bay, while the concentrations of PCBs were related to changes in the local economy. In addition, the sources of HCHs and DDTs were identified as atmospheric precipitation and historical residues, Finally, we predicted that PCBs pollution primarily originated from Aroclor 1254（Lot A4）, which might root in the illegal demolition and stacking of abandoned paint, transformer or electronic equipment in the south bank of Hangzhou Bay.

Biomarker evidence for biotic and environmental change across the Cambrian Series 2–Series 3 boundary at the Wuliu- Zengjiayan section, Guizhou, China

The Wuliu-Zengjiayan section in Jianhe County, Guizhou Province, China has been suggested as a potential Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP) for the defined base of Cambrian Series 3. A molecular organic geochemical study on the Cambrian Series 2Series 3 boundary interval was carried out to reveal the biotic and environmental change during this transition. The hydrocarbons extracted from the Kaili Formation were proved to be indigenous. The various geochemical proxies such as biomarker parameter, δ13Corg, atomic H/C value of kerogen, and TOC content, co-vary along with the sedimentary column, and show a quick and significant change just across the Cambrian Series 2Series 3 boundary. The less abundance of isoprenoid hydrocarbons, the relative enrichment of midchain monomethyl branched alkanes(mmb-alkanes), the relatively negative value of δ13Corg, and the higher TOC contents may suggest that the upper Cambrian Series 2 was deposited in a relatively reducing environment with a higher organic input from cyanobacteria-predominated benthic microbial mats. On the other hand, the relative enrichment of isoprenoid hydrocarbons, the less abundance of mmb-alkanes, the relatively positive value of δ13Corg, the lower TOC contents, and the lower atomic H/C values of kerogen are combined to indicate an enhanced phytoplankton production and an increased oxygen content and nutrients in the ocean during the early Cambrian Series 3, which could have benefited the explosion of the Kaili Biota. The Wuliu-Zengjiayan section may provide a typical case to understand the co-variation of marine microbe, animal, and environment.