Wet stability, penetration resistance (PR), and tensile strength (TS) of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil sta...Wet stability, penetration resistance (PR), and tensile strength (TS) of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil stabilization. The treatments included no fertilization (CK), normal chemical fertilization (NPK), double the NPK application rates (2NPK), and NPK mixed with organic manure (NPK+OM). Compared with CK, Fertilization increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil porosity. The results of soil aggregate fragmentation degree (SAFD) showed that fast wetting by water was the key fragmentation mechanism. Among the treatments, the NPK+OM treatment had the largest size of water-stable aggregates and greatest normal mean weight diameter (NMWD) (P ≤ 0.05), but the lowest PR and TS in both cultivated horizon (Ap) and plow pan. The CK and 2NPK treatments were measured with PR 〉 2.0 MPa and friability index 〈 0.20, respectively, in the Ap horizon, suggesting that the soils was mechanically unfavourable to root growth and tillage. In the plow pan, the fertilization treatments had greater TS and PR than in CK. TS and PR of the tested soil aggregates were negatively correlated to SOC content and soil porosity. This study suggested that chemical fertilization could cause deterioration of mechanical properties while application of organic manure could improve soil stability and mechanical properties.展开更多
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) rely on microbial conversion of organic substrates to electricity. The optimal perfor- mance depends on the establishment of a microbial community rich in electrogenic bacteria. Usually t...Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) rely on microbial conversion of organic substrates to electricity. The optimal perfor- mance depends on the establishment of a microbial community rich in electrogenic bacteria. Usually this micro- bial community is established from inoculation of the MFC anode chamber with naturally occurring mixed inocula. In this study, the electrochemical performance of MFCs and microbial community evolution were eval- uated for three inocula including domestic wastewater (DW), lake sediment (LS) and biogas sludge (BS) with varying substrate loading (Lsub) and external resistance (Rext) on the MFC. The electrogenic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens was identified in all inocula and its abundance during MFC operation was positively linked to the MFC performance. The IS inoculated MFCs showed highest abundance (18% ± 1%) of G. sulfurreducens, maximum current density [Imax = (690 ± 30) mA.m 2] and coulombic efficiency (CE = 29% ±1%) with acetate as the substrate./max and CE increased to (1780 ± 30) mA.m-2 and 58%± 1%, respectively, after decreasing the Rext from 1000 Ωto 200 Ω, which also correlated to a higher abundance ofG. sulfurreducens (21% ±0.7%) on the MFC anodic biofilm. The data obtained contribute to understanding the microbial community response to Lsub and Roy, for of timizing electricity eneration in MFCs.展开更多
Replacement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic...Replacement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic pressures associated with VOCs. Solvents that are derived from biomass, namely bio-derived solvents, are a type of green solvent that have attracted intensive investigations in recent years because of their advantages over con- ventional VOCs, such as low toxicity, biodegradability and renewability. This review aims to summarize the use of bio-derived solvents in solvent extraction applications, with special emphasis given to utilization of biodiesels and terpenes. Compared with the conventional VOCs, the overall performance of these bio-derived solvents is comparable in terms of extraction yields and selectivity for natural product extraction and no difference was found for metal extraction. To date most researchers have focused on laboratory scale thermodynamics studies. Future work is required to develop and test new bio-derived solvents and understand the kinetic performance as well as solvent extraction nilnt nlant studies.展开更多
White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis- (1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl- (1, 1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluor...White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis- (1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl- (1, 1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2- yl)benzene (HKEthFLYPh)/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphtacene (rubrene)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)/Mg:Ag were fabricated by vacuum deposition method, in which a novel star-shaped hexafluorenyl- benzene HKEthFLYPh was used as an energy transfer layer, and an ultrathin layer of rubrene was inserted between HKEthFLYPh and Alq3 layers as a yellow light-emitting layer instead of using a time-consuming doping process. A fairly pure WOLED with Commissions Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.33) was obtained when the thickness of rubrene was 0.3 nm, and the spectrum was insensitive to the applied voltage. The device yielded a maximum luminance of 4816 cd/m2 at 18 V.展开更多
污水中含有有机物(COD)化学能和余温热能,但这种潜能一直不被重视。计算表明,污水所含化学能、热能理论值虽然前者小于后者,但相差倍数(3.0)不大,取决于进水COD浓度。然而,COD化学能在能量转化过程中有相当一部分并不能回收或受限于能...污水中含有有机物(COD)化学能和余温热能,但这种潜能一直不被重视。计算表明,污水所含化学能、热能理论值虽然前者小于后者,但相差倍数(3.0)不大,取决于进水COD浓度。然而,COD化学能在能量转化过程中有相当一部分并不能回收或受限于能量转化效率而不能全部转化。对某实际污水处理厂(COD=400 mg/L)潜能转化计算显示,污泥厌氧消化产甲烷(CH4)后实施热电联产(CHP)可转化的化学能折算电当量仅为0.20 k W·h/m^3,只能满足实际运行耗能(0.37 k W·h/m^3)的53.2%。因水源热泵可转换热能(全部出水,4℃温差)1.77 k W·h/m^3(供热)和1.18 k W·h/m^3(制冷),所以,只用不到15%的出水量(供热9.8%、制冷14.7%)即可弥补46.8%的碳中和运行赤字能量。总之,实例厂供热时出水热能与化学能所占总潜能值比例分别为90%和10%;折算电当量后,总潜能值为1.97 k W·h/m^3。展开更多
The low energy efficiency and poor cycle stability arising from the high aggressivity of discharge products toward organic electrolytes limit the practical applications of Li-O_(2)batteries(LOBs).Compared with the typ...The low energy efficiency and poor cycle stability arising from the high aggressivity of discharge products toward organic electrolytes limit the practical applications of Li-O_(2)batteries(LOBs).Compared with the typical discharge product Li_(2)O_(2),LiOH shows better chemical and electrochemical stability.In this study,a free-standing cathode composed of hydrangea-likeδ-MnO_(2)with Ag nanoparticles(NPs)embedded in carbon paper(CP)(Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP)is fabricated and used as the catalyst for the reversible formation and decomposition of LiOH.The possible discharge mechanism is investigated by in situ Raman measurement and density functional theory calculation.Results confirm thatδ-MnO_(2)dominantly catalyzes the conversion reaction of discharge intermediate LiO_(2)*to LiOH and that Ag particles promote its catalytic ability.In the presence of Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP cathode,the LOB exhibits enhanced specific capacity and a high discharge voltage plateau under humid O_(2)atmosphere.At a current density of 200 mA g^(−1),the LOB with the Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP cathode presents an overpotential of 0.5 V and an ultra-long cycle life of 867 cycles with a limited specific capacity of 500 mA h g^(−1).This work provides a fresh view on the role of solid catalysts in LOBs and promotes the development of LOBs based on LiOH discharge product for practical applications.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40371059).
文摘Wet stability, penetration resistance (PR), and tensile strength (TS) of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil stabilization. The treatments included no fertilization (CK), normal chemical fertilization (NPK), double the NPK application rates (2NPK), and NPK mixed with organic manure (NPK+OM). Compared with CK, Fertilization increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil porosity. The results of soil aggregate fragmentation degree (SAFD) showed that fast wetting by water was the key fragmentation mechanism. Among the treatments, the NPK+OM treatment had the largest size of water-stable aggregates and greatest normal mean weight diameter (NMWD) (P ≤ 0.05), but the lowest PR and TS in both cultivated horizon (Ap) and plow pan. The CK and 2NPK treatments were measured with PR 〉 2.0 MPa and friability index 〈 0.20, respectively, in the Ap horizon, suggesting that the soils was mechanically unfavourable to root growth and tillage. In the plow pan, the fertilization treatments had greater TS and PR than in CK. TS and PR of the tested soil aggregates were negatively correlated to SOC content and soil porosity. This study suggested that chemical fertilization could cause deterioration of mechanical properties while application of organic manure could improve soil stability and mechanical properties.
基金grateful to Danida Fellowship Centre for supporting the research project (Biobased electricity in developing countries,DFC No.11-091 Ris?)The financial support from China Scholarship Council (CSC No.2011635051) for Guotao Sun is gratefully acknowledged.Annette E.Jensen,DTU is thanked for technical support
文摘Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) rely on microbial conversion of organic substrates to electricity. The optimal perfor- mance depends on the establishment of a microbial community rich in electrogenic bacteria. Usually this micro- bial community is established from inoculation of the MFC anode chamber with naturally occurring mixed inocula. In this study, the electrochemical performance of MFCs and microbial community evolution were eval- uated for three inocula including domestic wastewater (DW), lake sediment (LS) and biogas sludge (BS) with varying substrate loading (Lsub) and external resistance (Rext) on the MFC. The electrogenic bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens was identified in all inocula and its abundance during MFC operation was positively linked to the MFC performance. The IS inoculated MFCs showed highest abundance (18% ± 1%) of G. sulfurreducens, maximum current density [Imax = (690 ± 30) mA.m 2] and coulombic efficiency (CE = 29% ±1%) with acetate as the substrate./max and CE increased to (1780 ± 30) mA.m-2 and 58%± 1%, respectively, after decreasing the Rext from 1000 Ωto 200 Ω, which also correlated to a higher abundance ofG. sulfurreducens (21% ±0.7%) on the MFC anodic biofilm. The data obtained contribute to understanding the microbial community response to Lsub and Roy, for of timizing electricity eneration in MFCs.
基金Support from the Australian Research Council (project ID:LP140100650)
文摘Replacement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic pressures associated with VOCs. Solvents that are derived from biomass, namely bio-derived solvents, are a type of green solvent that have attracted intensive investigations in recent years because of their advantages over con- ventional VOCs, such as low toxicity, biodegradability and renewability. This review aims to summarize the use of bio-derived solvents in solvent extraction applications, with special emphasis given to utilization of biodiesels and terpenes. Compared with the conventional VOCs, the overall performance of these bio-derived solvents is comparable in terms of extraction yields and selectivity for natural product extraction and no difference was found for metal extraction. To date most researchers have focused on laboratory scale thermodynamics studies. Future work is required to develop and test new bio-derived solvents and understand the kinetic performance as well as solvent extraction nilnt nlant studies.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60425101 and No.20674049), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (No.NCET-06-0812), and the Young Talent Project at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (No.060206).
文摘White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N'-bis- (1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl- (1, 1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis(9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2- yl)benzene (HKEthFLYPh)/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphtacene (rubrene)/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3)/Mg:Ag were fabricated by vacuum deposition method, in which a novel star-shaped hexafluorenyl- benzene HKEthFLYPh was used as an energy transfer layer, and an ultrathin layer of rubrene was inserted between HKEthFLYPh and Alq3 layers as a yellow light-emitting layer instead of using a time-consuming doping process. A fairly pure WOLED with Commissions Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.33) was obtained when the thickness of rubrene was 0.3 nm, and the spectrum was insensitive to the applied voltage. The device yielded a maximum luminance of 4816 cd/m2 at 18 V.
文摘污水中含有有机物(COD)化学能和余温热能,但这种潜能一直不被重视。计算表明,污水所含化学能、热能理论值虽然前者小于后者,但相差倍数(3.0)不大,取决于进水COD浓度。然而,COD化学能在能量转化过程中有相当一部分并不能回收或受限于能量转化效率而不能全部转化。对某实际污水处理厂(COD=400 mg/L)潜能转化计算显示,污泥厌氧消化产甲烷(CH4)后实施热电联产(CHP)可转化的化学能折算电当量仅为0.20 k W·h/m^3,只能满足实际运行耗能(0.37 k W·h/m^3)的53.2%。因水源热泵可转换热能(全部出水,4℃温差)1.77 k W·h/m^3(供热)和1.18 k W·h/m^3(制冷),所以,只用不到15%的出水量(供热9.8%、制冷14.7%)即可弥补46.8%的碳中和运行赤字能量。总之,实例厂供热时出水热能与化学能所占总潜能值比例分别为90%和10%;折算电当量后,总潜能值为1.97 k W·h/m^3。
基金financially supported by the High-level Talents’Discipline Construction Fund of Shandong University(31370089963078)the School Research Startup Expenses of Harbin Institute of Technology(Shenzhen)(20190037 and 20210028)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M661276 and 2021T140150)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515110756)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002094)the Open Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials(AESM202107)。
文摘The low energy efficiency and poor cycle stability arising from the high aggressivity of discharge products toward organic electrolytes limit the practical applications of Li-O_(2)batteries(LOBs).Compared with the typical discharge product Li_(2)O_(2),LiOH shows better chemical and electrochemical stability.In this study,a free-standing cathode composed of hydrangea-likeδ-MnO_(2)with Ag nanoparticles(NPs)embedded in carbon paper(CP)(Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP)is fabricated and used as the catalyst for the reversible formation and decomposition of LiOH.The possible discharge mechanism is investigated by in situ Raman measurement and density functional theory calculation.Results confirm thatδ-MnO_(2)dominantly catalyzes the conversion reaction of discharge intermediate LiO_(2)*to LiOH and that Ag particles promote its catalytic ability.In the presence of Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP cathode,the LOB exhibits enhanced specific capacity and a high discharge voltage plateau under humid O_(2)atmosphere.At a current density of 200 mA g^(−1),the LOB with the Ag/δ-MnO_(2)@CP cathode presents an overpotential of 0.5 V and an ultra-long cycle life of 867 cycles with a limited specific capacity of 500 mA h g^(−1).This work provides a fresh view on the role of solid catalysts in LOBs and promotes the development of LOBs based on LiOH discharge product for practical applications.