不同有机物施用对油菜-红薯轮作模式下养分吸收利用的影响

探讨不同有机物施用对土壤肥力与作物养分吸收利用的影响,以达到农田培肥和提升作物养分利用效率的目的。2015年在江西省红壤研究所布置田间施肥试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(CF)、减量化肥(RF)、全量化肥配施秸秆(CFR)、减量化肥配施秸秆(RFR)、全量化肥配施生物黑炭(CFB)、减量化肥配施生物黑炭(RFB)、减量化肥配施猪粪(RFP)、减量化肥配施蚓粪(RFV)9种不同施肥处理,研究全量化肥和减施40%化肥条件下配施不同有机物对土壤肥力及作物养分利用效率的影响。结果表明:施用有机物的各处理油菜籽粒和红薯产量较CF处理都有所增加,其中以RFP和RFV处理增产效果最为显著,其增幅分别为76.69%,75.01%和84.73%,69.72%;有机物的施用提升了土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量,在连续施肥下,土壤养分水平进一步提升;在红薯和油菜季,不论全量化肥还是减量40%化肥,配施有机物处理相比CF处理均不同程度提高了氮肥、钾肥的表观利用率和偏生产力,其中红薯季RFP处理提升效果最佳,分别达到43.22%,48.55%和22.00,21.45kg/kg,但其磷肥表观利用率和磷肥偏生产力较低,仅为1.91%和3.25kg/kg;油菜季RFV处理的肥料贡献率最高,达到80.41%,但其农学效率较低,为0.67kg/kg。因此,有机物的施用可以达到土壤培肥、增加作物产量和提高作物肥料养分利用率的目的,对于农业生产有重要意义。

两种代表性蚯蚓对设施菜地土壤微生物群落结构及理化性质的影响

不同生态型蚯蚓的取食偏好和生境有所差异,因此蚯蚓的生态型差异可能关乎其对土壤性质的不同影响;有关不同生态型蚯蚓对土壤性质尤其是微生物学性质影响的研究有助于了解蚯蚓生态功能的作用机制。在野外调控试验的第4年采集土壤,研究了牛粪混施和表施处理下内层种威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)和表层种赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)对设施菜地土壤微生物群落结构和主要理化性质的影响。结果表明,土壤微生物群落结构同时受到蚯蚓种类和牛粪施用方式的影响。牛粪表施时,两种蚯蚓均显著降低了菌根真菌、真菌生物量和原生动物生物量(P<0.05);牛粪混施时,不同蚯蚓的影响有所差异,威廉腔环蚓明显增加了菌根真菌、真菌生物量和放线菌生物量,而赤子爱胜蚓的作用不明显。此外,两种蚯蚓均提高了土壤孔隙度、团聚体稳定性和土壤p H、矿质氮以及微生物生物量碳氮水平,但提高幅度取决于蚯蚓种类和牛粪施用方式。冗余分析表明蚯蚓影响下土壤微生物群落结构的变化与团聚体稳定性、p H、速效磷、矿质氮呈正相关,而与土壤容重呈负相关。

Characters of Bio-organic Fertilizer and Trails on Its Effect When Applied to Peach

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of bio-organic fertilizer and its effect when applied to peach.[Method] Through launching demonstration trial on the application of bio-organic fertilizer in the major fruit producing areas in Liaoning Province,the effects of bio-organic fertilizer on peach growth and soil were investigated.[Results] After application of bio-organic fertilizer,both the peach yield and fruit quality were improved to some extent,of which yields was increased by 16.4％ compared with the control,and vitamin C and total sugar contents were also significantly increased; application of bio-organic fertilizer also improved the contents of total nitrogen,rapidly available phosphorus,available potassium and organic matter in soil,and reduced the soil volume weight.[Conclusion] Bioorganic fertilizer can significantly improve fruit yield and quality,as well as improving orchard soil and protecting the environment,thus possessing a bright application prospect in the production of green fruits.

土壤强还原处理对植烟土壤真菌群落结构及烤烟产质量的影响

为研究土壤强还原处理(Reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)过程中有机物不同施用量对连作植烟土壤理化性质、真菌群落结构及烤烟产质量的影响,试验设置了不做任何处理的对照(CK)以及有机物料施用量为9 t/hm^(2)(T1)和13.5 t/hm^(2)(T2)的RSD处理。结果表明:RSD处理能显著增加土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷以及速效钾的含量,同时提升土壤pH值;与CK相比,RSD处理显著增加了土壤中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度,并降低担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、油壶菌门(Olpidiomycota)以及轮孢菌门(Rozellomycota)的相对丰度;经RSD处理后,土壤中油壶菌属(Olpidium)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)等病原菌的相对丰度显著降低,而拮抗菌木霉属(Trichoderma)的相对丰度显著增加;此外,土壤经RSD处理后所种植烤烟的产量、上等烤烟比例和产值随着有机物料施用量的增加而增加,其中T2处理产值较CK增加13.90%。由此可知,RSD处理能有效改善植烟土壤质量及真菌群落结构、减少病原菌丰度、提升烟叶产质量,并且随有机物料施用量的增加,RSD处理的效果越好。

Effect of Organic Manure Application on Physical Properties and Humus Characteristics of Paddy Soil

Long-term field experiment was established in 1978 on a coastal paddy soil to determine the effect of applicationof pig manure, rice straw and chemical N fertilizer on the physical property and humus characteristics of soil . Resultsshowed that the porosity, the microstructural coefficient, the reactivities of organic C and N, the ΔlogK value, thedegree of oxidation stability, the contents of O-alkyl C and alkyl C, and the ratio of aliphatic C to aromatic C ofhumic acid from soils received organic manure increased, whereas, the ratio of < 10 μm to >10 μm ofmicroaggregates, the humification degree of humus, the degree of organo-mineral complexation, the number-averagemolecular weight, the C/ H ratio. the contents of carboxyl and aromatic C of HAs in them decreased. These resultsindicated that the application of organic manure not only improved the physical property of the paddy soil but alsomade the HA more aliphatic in structure and younger in origin.

Dynamic Relationship Between Biologically Active Soil Organic Carbon and Aggregate Stability in Long-Term Organically Fertilized Soils

Biologically active soil organic carbon （BASOC） is an important fraction of soil organic carbon （SOC）, but our understanding of the correlation between BASOC and soil aggregate stability is limited. At an ecological experimental station （28° 04＇-28° 37＇ N, 116° 41＇-117° 09＇ E） in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, China, we analyzed the dynamic relationship between soil aggregate stability and BASOC content over time in the red soil （Udic Ferrosols） fertilized with a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium chemical fertilizer （NPK） without manure or with NPK plus livestock manure or green manure. The dynamics of BASOC was evaluated using CO2 efflux, and soil aggregates were separated according to size using a wet-sieving technique. The soils fertilized with NPK plus livestock manure had a significantly higher content of BASOC and an improved aggregate stability compared to the soils fertilized with NPK plus green manure or NPK alone. The BASOC contents in all fertilized soils decreased over time. The contents of large aggregates （800-2 000 μm） dramatically decreased over the first 7 d of incubation, but the contents of small aggregates （〈 800 μm） either remained the same or increased, depending on the incubation time and specific aggregate sizes. The aggregate stability did not differ significantly at the beginning and end of incubation, but the lowest stability in all fertilized soils occurred in the middle of the incubation, which implied that the soils had a strong resilience for aggregate stability. The change in BASOC content was only correlated with aggregate stability during the first 27 d of incubation.

Influence of Different Plant Materials in Combination with Chicken Manure on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Contents and Vegetable Yield

The use of plant materials as soil amendments is an uncommon practice amongst major farming communities in Ghana, although it is necessary for soil fertility improvement. An examination of the effects of soil amendments is necessary to encourage the use of under-utilized organic resources in Ghana. Thus, a field experiment was conducted using 8 different tropical plant materials mixed with chicken manure as soil amendments for growth of tomato as a test crop. The plant materials included Leucaena leueocephala, Centrosema pubescens, Sesbania sesban, Gliricidia sepium, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria phaseoloides, Azadirachta indiea, and Theo- broma cacao. There were two other treatments： one with equivalent amounts of chemical fertilizers and the other with no-fertilizer input （control）. Plant materials were mixed with chicken manure to obtain a uniform carbon-to-nitrogen （C：N） ratio of 5：1. Except the no-fertilizer control, all treatments received the same amount of nitrogen （N）. To clarify the decomposition pattern of the plant materials in soil, an incubation experiment was conducted using only the plant materials before the field experiment. The Glirieidia treatment released significantly more mineral N than the other plant materials in the incubation experiment. However, the tomato fruit yield was not enhanced in the Gliricidia treatment in the field experiment. The known quality parameters of the tested plant materials, such as total N, total carbon （C）, C：N ratio, and total polyphenols, had minimal effects on their mineralization dynamics. Azadirachta showed the best synergistic effect with chicken manure through significantly increasing soil microbial biomass and fruit yield of tomato. This result provides insights into the possible adoption of Azadirachta in combination with chicken manure as a soil amendment in small-scale agricultural holdings.