黑土与潮土铁氧化物结合态有机碳对长期秸秆还田的响应

【目的】旨在探究不同旱地土壤中不同类型铁氧化物结合态有机碳含量和性质的差异及其对长期秸秆还田的响应。【方法】基于1990年开始位于我国吉林公主岭和河南郑州的黑土和潮土长期定位施肥试验,选择长期定位试验中的不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和化肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)3个处理进行。通过连续浸提法获取土壤中络合铁(Fe_(PP))、非晶型铁氧化物(Fe_(HH))及晶型铁氧化物(Fe_(DH)),探究不同形态铁氧化物及其结合态有机碳的含量差异;结合紫外可见光谱分析,探究铁氧化物结合态有机碳的性质差异。【结果】与CK及NPK处理相比,NPKS处理下黑土有机碳含量显著提高了18.1%和14.9%,潮土有机碳含量显著提高了46.1%和13.3%。两种土壤中Fe_(PP)含量均低于Fe_(HH)及Fe_(DH)含量,但络合铁结合态有机碳(OC_(PP))含量明显高于非晶型铁氧化物结合态有机碳(OC_(HH))及晶型铁氧化物结合态有机碳(OC_(DH))含量,可占总铁氧化物结合态有机碳含量的71.4%—93.2%,说明OC_(PP)是铁氧化物结合有机碳的主要存在形态。与NPK相比,NPKS处理黑土中Fe_(PP)含量显著降低了65.6%,Fe_(HH)含量显著降低了17.8%,Fe_(DH)含量没有显著变化;潮土中Fe_(PP)含量显著增加了15.9%,Fe_(HH)含量没有显著变化,Fe_(DH)含量显著提高了24.6%。NPKS较NPK处理显著降低了黑土中总铁氧化物结合有机碳的含量,其中OC_(PP)降低了11.3%,OC_(DH)增加了53.7%,OC_(HH)没有显著变化,而对潮土中总铁氧化物结合有机碳含量没有显著影响。进一步对每克铁氧化物结合有机碳含量的分析发现,与NPK相比,NPKS处理显著增加了黑土中3种铁氧化物结合有机碳的能力,而对潮土中结合有机碳的能力没有显著影响。Fe_(PP)主要与疏水性较强、芳香性较弱的大分子有机碳结合,Fe_(HH)主要与疏水性、芳香性均较强的小分子有机碳结合,而Fe_(DH)主要与一些疏水性及芳香性均较差的大分子化合物结合。【结论】与单施化肥相比,长期秸秆还田后黑土和潮土中晶型和非晶型铁氧化物结合有机碳的含量均显著增加,而络合铁结合有机碳在黑土中显著降低,在潮土中无变化。这是秸秆还田后土壤有机碳水平提升且在土壤类型中存在差异的重要机制之一。

Effects of Different Land Use Types on Soil Organic Carbon and Carbon Management Index in Karst Area

[Objective] The aim was to reveal changes of soil organic matter fraction and their corresponding carbon management indexes as affected by different land use types.[Method]Soil organic carbon,active soil organic carbon and soil carbon management index（CMI）of different land use types in Guilin Maocun karst area were studied.Sampling with field investigation and laboratory testing was carried out.Heavy potassium chromate method was adopted to determine soil organic matter.333 mmol/L KMnO4 oxidation method was used to determine active organic carbon.[Result]With active soil organic matter increasing,the differences of CMI between different land use types were bigger.The CMI value of different land uses was shrubforest paddy fielddry farmland.The statistical analysis showed that labile organic matter was related with major soil properties at a significant level.[Conclusion]Labile organic matter could be used to reveal the influence of different land use types on soil organic matter and carbon management index in karst area.

Labile Organic Matter Content and Distribution as Affected by Six-year Soil Amendments to Eroded Chinese Mollisols

Labile organic carbon （LOC） is a fraction of soil organic carbon （SOC） with rapid turnover time and is affected by soil fertilization. This investigation characterized the SOC content, LOC content and LOC distribution in the treatment plots of surface soil erosion at five levels （0-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 30-cm erosion）. The soil had received contrasting fertilizer treatments （i.e., chemical fertilizer or chemical fertilizer ＋ manure） for 6 years. This study demonstrated that both SOC and various LOC fractions contents were higher in the plots with fertilizer ＋ manure than in those with fertilizer alone under the same erosion conditions. The SOC and LOC contents de- creased as the erosion depth increased. Light fraction organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, easily oxidizable organic carbon （KMnO4-oxydizable organic carbon）, and microbial biomass carbon were 27% 57%, 37%-7%, 20%-25%, and 29%-33% higher respectively in the fertilizer ＋ manure plots, than in the fertilizer alone plots. Positive correlations （p 〈 0.05） between SOC content and different fractions contents were observed in all plots except the correlation between total SOC content and water-soluble organic carbon content in the different fertilization treatments. Obviously, fertilizer ＋ manure treatments would be conducive to the accumulation of LOC and SOC in the Black soil of Northeast China.

Scaling of Soil Carbon,Nitrogen,Phosphorus and C:N:P Ratio Patterns in Peatlands of China

Inspired by the importance of Redfield-type C:N:P ratios in global soils,we looked for analogous patterns in peatlands and aimed at deciphering the potential affecting factors.By analyzing a suite of peatlands soil data(n = 1031),mean soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorous(TP) contents were 50.51%,1.45% and 0.13%,respectively,while average C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were 26.72,1186.00 and 46.58,respectively.C:N ratios showed smaller variations across different vegetation coverage and had less spatial heterogeneity than C:P and N:P ratios.No consistent C:N:P ratio,though with a general value of 1245:47:1,was found for entire peatland soils in China.The Northeast China,Tibet,Zoigê Plateau and parts of Xinjiang had high soil SOC,TN,TP,and C:P ratio.Qinghai,parts of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,and the coast zones have low TP and N:P ratio.Significant differences for SOC,TN,TP,C:N,C:P and N:P ratios were observed across groups categorized by predominant vegetation.Moisture,temperature and precipitation all closely related to SOC,TN,TP and their pairwise ratios.The hydrothermal coefficient(RH),defined as annual average precipitation divided by temperature,positively and significantly related to C:N,C:P and N:P ratios,implying that ongoing climate change may prejudice peatlands as carbon sinks during the past 50 years in China.

Effects of Composted and Thermally Dried Sewage Sludges on Soil and Soil Humic Acid Properties

The effect of annual additions of composted sewage sludge (CS) and thermally dried sewage sludge (TS) at 80 t ha-1 on soil chemical properties was investigated for three years in a field experiment under semiarid conditions. Humic acids (HAs) isolated by conventional procedures from CS, TS, and unamended (SO) and sludge amended soils were analysed for elemental (C, H, N, S and O) and acidic functional groups (carboxylic and phenolic) and by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies. With respect to CS, TS had similar pH and total P and K contents, larger dry matter, total organic C, total N and C/N ratio and smaller ash content and electrical conductivity. Amendment with both CS and TS induced a number of modifications in soil properties, including an increase of pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, and available P. The CS-HA had greater O, total acidity, carboxyl, and phenolic OH group contents and smaller C and H contents than TS-HA. The CS-HA and TS-HA had larger N and S contents, smaller C, O and acidic functional group contents, and lower aromatic polycondensation and humification degrees than SO-HA. Amended soil-HAs showed C, H, N and S contents larger than SO-HA, suggesting that sludge HAs were partially incorporated into soil HAs. These effects were more evident with increasing number of sludge applications.

Effect of Vegetation Succession on Organic Carbon,Carbon of Humus Acids and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Soils of Copper Mine Tailings Sites

Carbon of humus acids(HSAC) and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) are the most active forms of soil organic carbon(SOC) and play an important role in global carbon recycling. We investigated the concentrations of HSAC,water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC),hot water-extractable organic carbon(HWOC) and SOC in soils under different vegetation types of four copper mine tailings sites with differing vegetation succession time periods in Tongling,China. The concentrations of HSAC,WSOC,HWOC and SOC increased with vegetation succession. WSOC concentration increased with the accumulation of SOC in the tailings,and a linearly positive correlation existed between the concentrations of HSAC and SOC in the tailings. However,the percentages of HSAC and DOC in the SOC decreased during vegetation succession. The rate of SOC accumulation was higher when the succession time was longer than 20 years,whereas the speeds of soil organic matter(SOM) decomposition and humification were slow,and the concentrations of HSAC and DOC increased slowly in the tailings. The percentage of carbon of humic acid(HAC) in HSAC increased with vegetation succession,and the values of humification index(HI),HAC/carbon of fulvic acid,also increased with the accumulation of HSAC and SOC in soils of the tailings sites. However,the HI value in the each of the tailings was less than 0.50. The humification rate of SOM was lower than the accumulation rate of SOM,and the level of soil fertility was still very low in the tailings even after 40 years of natural restoration.

Spatial Prediction of Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate-Associated Organic Carbon Content at the Catchment Scale Using Geostatistical Techniques

The association of organic carbon with secondary particles （aggregates） results in its storage and retention in soil. A study was carried out at a catchment covering about 92 km2 to predict spatial variability of soil water-stable aggregates （WSA）, mean weight diameter （MWD） of aggregates and organic carbon （OC） content in macro.- （〉 2 mm）, meso- （1-2 mm）, and micro-aggregate （〈 1 mm） fractions, using geostatistical methods. One hundred and eleven soil samples were eSlleeted at the 0 10cm depth and fractionated into macro-, meso-, and mlcro-aggregates by wet sieving. The OC content was determined for each fraction. A greater percentage of water-stable aggregates was found for micro-aggregates, followed by meso-aggregates. Aggregate OC content was greatest in meso-aggregates （9 g kg-1）, followed by micro-aggregates （7 g kg-1）, while the least OC content was found in macro-aggregates （3 g kg-1）. Although a significant effect （P = 0.000） of aggregate size on aggregate OC content was found, however, our findings did not support the model of aggregate hierarchy. Land use had a significant effect （P = 0.073） on aggregate OC content. The coefficients of variation （CVs） for OC contents associated with each aggregate fraction indicated macro-aggregates as the most variable （CV = 71%）. Among the aggregate fractions, the micro-aggregate fraction had a lower CV value of 27%. macro-aggregates to 84% for micro-aggregates. Geostatistical analysis differences in their spatial patterns in both magnitude and space at variance for most aggregate-associated properties was lower than 45%. The mean content of WSA ranged from 15% for showed that the measured soil variables exhibited each aggregate size fraction. The relative nugget The range value for the variogram of water-stable aggregates was almost similar （about 3 km） for the three studied aggregate size classes. The range value for the variogram of aggregate-associated OC contents ranged from about 3 km for macro-aggregates to about 6.5 km for meso-aggregates. Kriged maps of predicted WSA, OC and MWD for the three studied aggregate size fractions showed clear spatial patterns. However, a close spatial similarity （co-regionalization） was observed between WSA and MWD.