添加矿物质对猪粪好氧堆肥中有机物降解的影响

为了探讨添加矿物材料对猪粪堆肥过程中有机物动态变化的影响,通过好氧堆肥的方式向猪粪和玉米秸秆粉混合物料中添加干质量分数为2.5%的粉煤灰、膨润土和风化煤等矿物质,用化学分析和红外光谱技术相结合的方法,对90 d好氧高温堆肥过程中有机质的动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:添加粉煤灰、风化煤或膨润土对猪粪堆肥的堆体温度变化均无明显影响,堆体温度能迅速升至近70℃,并维持在55℃以上超过7 d,达到高温堆肥的温度要求;随着堆肥时间的延长,各处理中总有机碳(TOC)和水溶性有机碳(WSC)含量均呈现出逐渐降低最后趋于相对稳定的趋势,但添加粉煤灰、风化煤和膨润土处理,能促进有机质的降解,促进能力依次为粉煤灰、膨润土、风化煤;添加粉煤灰、风化煤和膨润土等矿物质有利于猪粪堆肥的腐殖化过程进行,堆肥过程的雪里蕻种子萌发指数(GI)与WSC显著负相关、GI与胡敏酸的百分比(PHA)和腐殖酸聚合度(DP)显著正相关;红外光谱数据显示,在好氧堆肥过程中,含有—OH、—CH3和—CH2基团的化合物相对减少,而含有—CO、C—O—C、—COO基团和含芳香环类物质的含量逐渐增加,堆肥有机质降解可持续至60 d以后;添加粉煤灰、风化煤和膨润土会影响堆肥初期GI增加,但经过90 d好氧堆肥后,雪里蕻种子的GI均能大于0.5,所有堆肥处理均基本达到腐熟水平。

山东省禹城市耕层土壤有机质含量变化的空间变异

通过与第二次土壤普查剖面点相同位置采样、分析,运用地统计学方法,研究了禹城市耕层土壤有机质含量变化的空间分布,结果表明:研究区耕层土壤有机质含量普遍提高,增加幅度变化于-4.35gkg-1～32.53gkg-1,平均增加12.949gkg-1。土壤有机质含量变化的半变异函数可以球状、圆形、指数、高斯等模型表征,随机性因素如施肥、耕作措施、种植制度等各种人为活动是土壤耕层有机质含量变化空间分布的主要因素,土壤有机质含量增加的原因主要是秸秆还田面积增加、大量氮肥的使用;而增加幅度小甚至为负值的剖面主要是由潮湿变干燥、林地转为耕地所导致。

Chemical Property Variation Trend Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Water in Wei River

[Objective] Water quality variation trend of Wei River was analyzed and the water quality evaluation was performed in this study. [Method] Stationing and water sampling were conducted along Wei River at three different sites during the 12 months from January to December of 2014, the water samples were pre-treated and analyzed on chemical pollution indexes with the national standard, water quality data of Wei River in the 12 months was processed with periodic time series method, Spearman rank correlation coefficient was adopted to test pollution changing trend, and water quality status of Wei water was evaluated with integrated index of organic pollution. [Result] NH3-N and TN of Wei River exceeded the standard＇s lim- its; [ Y~ [ 〉Wp=0.506, [ Yss~ [ 〉Wp=0.506 and [ Y＆=0~,, Diecqieo 〉Wp=0.506 indicated that the integrated index of organic pollution of Shawangdu section, S.huyuan section and Tongguan Diaoqiao section showed a significant downtrend, respetively; and the water quality of the three sections became better, and it was worth noting that it was necessary to strengthen the water quality control of Wei River from January to June, so as to ensure that the water quality of Wei River reached the standard all the time. [Cendasien] This research was of significance in improving water ecological environment in Weinan as well as rationally utilizing water resources and finally realizing permanent development. Key words Wei River; Water quality variation trend; Integrated index of organic pollution; Evaluation

Study of elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil with high organic content

On the basis of elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil,the authors took organic contents into reasonable damage variable evolution equation in order to seek relation between the organic contents and parameters in the equation,and established the elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil considering organic contents.The results show that the parameters change correspondingly with difference of the organic contents.The higher the organic contents are,the less the valves of the parameters such as elastic modulus(E),material parameters(K,n) and damage evolution parameter(ε) become,but the larger strain damage threshold value(εd) of the sample is.Meanwhile,the calculation results obtained from established model are compared with the test data in the condition of common indoors test,which is testified with reliability.

Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in Inner Mongolian Grasslands: Relationships with Climate and Soil Texture

Understanding the spatial variability of soil carbon （C） storage and its relationship with climate and soil texture is critical for developing regional C models and for predicting the potential impact of climate change on soil C storage. On the basis of soil data from a transect across the Inner Mongolian grasslands, we determined the quantitative relationships of C and nitrogen （N） in bulk soil and particle-size fractions （sand, silt, and clay） with climate and soil texture to evaluate the major factors controlling soil C and N storage and to predict the effect of climate changes on soil C and N storage. The contents of C and N in the bulk soil and the different fractions in the 0 20 and 20 40 cm soil layers were positively correlated with the mean annum precipitation （MAP） and negatively correlated with the mean annual temperature （MAT）. The responses of C storage in the soil and particle-size fractions to MAP and MAT were more sensitive in the 0-20 cm than in the 2（~40 cm soil layer. Although MAP and MAT were both important factors influencing soil C storage, the models that include only MAP could well explain the variation in soil C storage in the Inner Mongolian grasslands. Because of the high correlation between MAP and MAT in the region, the models including MAT did not significantly enhance the model precision. Moreover, the contribution of the fine fraction （silt and clay） to the variation in soil C storage was rather small because of the very low fine fraction content in the Inner Mongolian grasslands.

Regional Diferences in the Efect of Climate and Soil Texture on Soil Organic Carbon

The agricultural soil carbon pool plays an important role in mitigating greenhouse gas emission ana unaerstanamg the son orgamc carbon-climate-soil texture relationship is of great significance for estimating cropland soil carbon pool responses to climate change. Using data from 900 soil profiles, obtained from the Second National Soil Survey of China, we investigated the soil organic carbon （SOC） depth distribution in relation to climate and soil texture under various climate regimes of the cold northeast region （NER） and the warmer Huang-Huai-Hai region （HHHR） of China. The results demonstrated that the SOC content was higher in NER than in HHHR. For both regions, the SOC content at all soil depths had significant negative relationships with mean annual temperature （MAT）, but was related to mean annual precipitation （MAP） just at the surface 0-20 cm. The climate effect on SOC content was more pronounced in NER than in HHHR. Regional differences in the effect of soil texture on SOC content were not found. However, the dominant texture factors were different. The effect of sand content on SOC was more pronounced than that of clay content in NER. Conversely, the effect of clay on SOC was more pronounced than sand in HHHR. Climate and soil texture jointly explained the greatest SOC variability of 49.0% （0-20 cm） and 33.5% （20-30 cm） in NER and HHHR, respectively. Moreover, regional differences occurred in the importance of climate vs. soil texture in explaining SOC variability. In NER, the SOC content of the shallow layers （0-30 cm） was mainly determined by climate factor, specifically MAT, but the SOC content of the deeper soil layers （30-100 cm） was more affected by texture factor, specifically sand content. In HHHR, all the SOC variability in all soil layers was predominantly best explained by clay content. Therefore, when temperature was colder, the climate effect became stronger and this trend was restricted by soil depth. The regional differences and soil depth influence underscored the importance of explicitly considering them in modeling long-term soil responses to climate change and predicting potential soil carbon sequestration.

Seasonal changes of organic matter origins and anammox activity in the Changjiang Estuary deduced from multi-biomarkers in suspended particulates

Human activity-induced eutrophication and harmful algal blooms are main causes of the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Changjiang Estuary. Among the many changes in biogeochemical processes, anaerobic ammonium oxidation(anammox) is proposed to play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in hypoxic areas. Ladderane lipids have been used as biomarkers to indicate anammox activity in ecosystems, but the origins of anammox bacteria and ladderanes in suspended particulates are still unclear. In this study, we report the results of a suite of biomarker analyses of suspended particulates across a salinity gradient of the Changjiang Estuary in both the spring and summer to evaluate the origins of the ladderanes and their potential as proxies for anammox activity and hypoxia. The spatio-temporal variations in terrestrial biomarkers(n-alkanes and n-alkanols), marine biomarkers(brassicasterol and dinosterol), and the Terrestrial and Marine Biomarker Ratio and Branched and Isoprenoid Tetraether indices reveal that marine organic matter was dominant in the particulates in both the spring(55%) and summer(86%) seasons. Correlations with both marine and terrestrial biomarkers suggest that ladderanes were mainly produced in the water column, and therefore that ladderane concentrations in suspended particulates in the Changjiang Estuary mainly reflect anammox activity in the water column, although changes in anammox bacterial assemblages may also have played a role in ladderane concentrations. Overall, ladderane results suggest that anammox activity was widespread in the Changjiang Estuary; but higher ladderane concentrations in the summer(especially in the upwelling zone) were correlated with lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, which suggest that they are useful proxies for hypoxia.