有松扎染及其技法初探

1992年11月,世界首届扎染会议在日本名古屋市有松镇一带拉开序幕,包括中国在内的20个国家的专家参加了这次由演讲会、主题研讨会、展销、实地演示、时装表演、扎染作品展览等各种形式组成的国际活动。瞬时间,小小的有松镇成了世界扎染领域注目的中心,与此,笔者就有松扎染的起源,经历以及其技法作些探讨。扎染,日本人称为“绞染”。日本爱知县名古屋市有松镇一带生产的扎染,日本人统称为“有松绞”,这类技法独特的扎染品是近代日本扎染的代表。有松镇也被叫做“扎染的故乡”,在日本其名声为人们所熟知。有松扎染以棉布扎染为中心,但也有相当多的丝绸扎染。其起源有两说:江户时代的庆长十五年(1610),名古屋城初建之际。

政治之弦紧中有松,经济之弦由松变紧——评1998年中东形势

1998年中东政治形势总起来说是紧中有松,稍为有些缓和,一些看起来是难以避免的冲突,大有一触即发之势,而终未爆发;但箭仍在弦上,形势未可乐观。格局继续嬗变和平步履维艰一、国家关系的新变化美国自海湾战争以来,依然在中东居于其他国家难以予之抗衡的地位。美国为控制海湾油区及运油通道的安全,继续保持在海湾的军事存在。美国遏制两伊的政策有部分调整,在继续遏制伊拉克的同时,谋求改善同伊朗的关系。美国"主导"

日本名古屋有松传统绞染工艺及其保护

有松町是日本名古屋市绿区下辖的一个小镇,历史上以绞染工艺而闻名,有松绞染是往昔东海道沿线的地方名特产品,绞染工艺历史悠久、工艺精湛。如今有松绞染仍是日本传统绞染工艺的重要代表,其保护和开发成效显著,并且已经走向世界绞染工艺的大舞台。

从“传统工艺品”到“日本遗产”——名古屋的“有松·鸣海扎染”

日本在实现了现代化的同时,也较好地兼顾了对传统工艺品产业的保护与发展,其主要的经验是通过专门的法律设立了国家对"传统工艺品"进行指定的制度,以及通过"传统工艺士"的行业考试以培养和确保专业人才的制度等。本文通过对名古屋地区"有松·鸣海扎染"这一著名的传统工艺品产业和产地所展开的个案研究,分析了相关制度的实施效果,同时也指出了传统工艺品产业在现代日本社会所面临的诸多困境。

浅谈钢琴弹奏的用力与放松

本文首先阐明了弹奏钢琴时怎样用力？如何放松？众所周知，用力与放松在哲学上是一对矛盾对立物，那么如何把这对立的双方科学地统一起未，笔者在文中做了较详细的阐释。钢琴演奏中"松"与"紧"是相辅相成的，没有绝对的放松，也没有绝对的紧张，只有将其有机地和谐地融为一体，使之自然地"松"中有"紧"，"紧"中有"松"，松紧结合，相得益彰之时，才能奏出优美动听的旋律，产生令人愉悦的美感，给人带来美的享受。

Diversity of filamentous fungi in organic layers of two forests in Zijin Mountain

A study was conducted to evaluate the cultivable filamentous fungal diversity in organic layers (L, F, and H layers) and A1 layer of two main forest types, Pinus massoniana and Liguidambar formasana mixed forest and Quercus variabilis forest, in Zijin Mountain(325?N, 11848?E), Nanjing, China. A total of 67 taxa comprising 56 Deuteromycetes, 3 Zygomycetes, 5 Asco-mycetes and 3 unidentified fungi were recognized from samples from the forest floor of the two forest types. The most abundant group was Deuteromycetes. The dominant genera in both forests were Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Gliocladium sp. and Trichoderma spp. The fungal diversity was higher in the mixed forest than that in Q. variabilis forest. For both forest types, the maximum fungal diversity was found in layer F and there existed significantly different in fungal diversity between layer F and layer L. In the mixed forest, richness of fungi isolated from needle litter (P. massoniana) was lower than that from leaf litter (L. formasana). The richness of fungi from needle litter increased with the in-crease of forest floor depth, but for leaf litter, the fungal diversity decreased with the depth of forest floor. The co-species of fungi from the two forest types, as well as from two kinds of litters in mixed forest, increased with the depth of the forest floor. The succession of fungi along with the process of decomposition was discussed here. The results also showed that litter quality was a critical factor affecting fungal diversity.

The rhizosphere pH change of Pinus koraiensis seedlings as affected by N sources of different levels and its effect on the availability and uptake of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn

Dark brown forest soil was collected from the upper 20 cm soil layer in Changbai Mountain Research Station of Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The soil was amended with two different forms of nitrogen fertilizers: NO3- as Ca(NO3)2, NH4+ as NH4Cl at the concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 respectively. The experiment was carried out with 2-yr-old Pinus koraiensis seedlings in pot. The pH change of rhizosphere soil and the contents of available Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in soil and leaves were analyzed. The result indicated that the addition of NH4--N decreased the rhizosphere pH value, while the addition of NO3--N increased the rhizosphere pH value in contrast with the control treatment. The direction and extent of the pH change mainly depended on N source and its concentrations applied. The rhizosphere pH change had a remarkable influence on the availability of the micronutrients in the rhizosphere, and thereafter affected the nutrient uptake by the seedlings. The contents of available mineral nutrients had a negative correlation with the pH value in the rhizosphere soil. The contents of available mineral nutrients in leaves were positively correlated to the levels of the available nutrients in the rhizosphere soils.

Changes of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in forage grass fields,citrus orchard and coniferous forests

Dynamic quantitative assessment of soil organic C and N is an available approach to understand the exact impact of land management on soils fertility. In this study the biomass of plants and content of soil organic C and N were compared in four typical land use systems which were planted with Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge.), Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco.), and Masson pine (Pinus Massoniana Lamb.) during 10 years in south China. Although biomass of plants in these four land use systems was nearly at the same level in the former investigation, total biomass for Ryegrass (RG), Bahiagrass (BG) was 3.68 and 3.75 times higher than that for Citrus (CT), and 2.06 and 2.14 times higher than that for Masson pine (MP) over 10 years of cultivation, respectively. Especially, underground total biomass for both RG and BG was over 10 times larger than that for CT and MP, indicating that forage grasses was much more beneficial to increase organic C and N storage in soils than CT and MP. The change content of soil organic C and N mainly occurred within soil depth of the 0–40 cm. The increased content of soil organic carbon and nitrogen was for 1.5 t·hm?2 and 0.2 t·hm?2 in the soil with planting RG and BG, and was for 1.2 t·hm?2 and 0.02 t·hm?2 in the soil with planting CT. An average loss was for 0.4 t·hm?2 and 0.04 t·hm?2 in the soil with planting MP during 10-year period. Keywords Soil organic carbon - Soil organic nitrogen - Dynamic change - Land use - Quantitative assessment CLC number S153.61 Document code A Foundation item: This research was partly supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30100144), and by Scientific Committee of Shenyang City (1011501900).Biography: WANG Xiao-ju (1967-), mail, Ph.D. Researcher in Center for Environmental Science in Saitama. Saitama Prefecture 347 0115, Japan.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Effects of Exogenous Organic Acids on Phosphorus Availability of Dark Brown Forest Soils and Phosphorus Absorption and Accumulation of Larix olgensis Seedlings with Nutrient Deficiency

Different proportions of A1 and B horizons dark brown forest soils （A1∶B=1∶2） were utilized to set the soil nutrient deficient conditions, and Larix olgensis seedlings were cultivated. By simulating organic acids concentrations in forest litter leachates of northeast China, the effects and mechanism of different concentrations of organic acid solutions on phosphorus （P） availability of dark brown forest soils and P absorption of Larix olgensis seedlings with nutrient deficiency were studied. The results showed that, compared with A1 horizon soils, available P contents of mixed soils in A1 and B horizons decreased, and P accumulation and efficiency of P uptake in root and leaves of Larix olgensis seedlings also decreased, but efficiency of P utilization increased. After treatments of exogenous organic acids, available P contents of mixed soils increased and the impact sequence of different organic acids were succinic acid 〉 citric acid 〉 oxalic acid; the concentration of 5.0 mmol/L had the best function, and the best effect of organic acids was at 20 d. Organic acids also increased P accumulation and efficiency of P uptake in roots and leaves of Larix olgensis seedlings, but decreased efficiency of P utilization. The impact strength of organic acids on P accumulation and efficiency of P uptake varied with treatment time, type and concentration of organic acids. The results of 20 d and 30 d in roots were higher than those of 10 d, however, the results of 10 d and 20 d in leaves were higher than those of 30 d, thus, at the earlier stage of organic acids treatments, more P absorbed were transferred to leaves, and at the later stage, more P would be accumulated in roots. The concentration of 10.0 mmol/L had the best function, and the impact sequence of different organic acids was succinic acid 〉 citric acid 〉 oxalic acid. Therefore, organic acids might contribute to P absorption and accumulation by Larix olgensis seedlings, final y increasing the adaptability and endurance of Larix olgensis seedlings to nutrient deficient soils.

呵护孩子那一点点阳光

孩子身上绽放着天才的光芒,作为老师我们要学会发现学生身上的一点点优点,用教育的智慧去点亮那一点点光,用无微不至的圣洁的师爱呵护着他们生命中的那一点点阳光。这就需要教师加强自身的道德修养,把握教师工作的三元素——爱心、责任、机智;重视情感教育在教育管理的重要作用;教育管理要做到严中有松,勤中偷懒;教育管理要让细节体现教育的品质。

美国企业的经营管理特色

美国是当今世界的头号经济国,也是企业管理科学的发祥地。二战以来,美国挟其经济和军事优势,称霸一时,其企业管理特色也蜚声西方世界。 一、快速反应,效率第一。美国企业提倡快速生产,快速决策,反对只说不做,原地打转;提倡深入现场,快速解决问题,反对管理者只坐在办公室“制造”文件报告;主张建立小型的,自愿组合的。

织物的创新——对扎染偶然性的追求(4)

日本的传统工艺总是与世界最先进的时尚相联系着。江户时代以在手巾、浴衣上扎染出美丽图案而给人有亲切感的有松扎染工艺而闻名的久野冈资,尝试了近乎天方夜谈的创作,即再现可传递手工暖意的扎染的偶然性。有关其可能性的验证,将在今后的课题讨论。 有松扎染是从庆长15年(1610年)由鼻祖竹田庄九郎最先开始的,他将这种染色的手巾卖给往来于东海道的旅客。

在适度从紧中稳步前进

在适度从紧中稳步前进□常乐经过三年的努力，以治理通货膨胀为首要任务的宏观调控基本达到预期目标，出现了经济适度增长，物价指数下降，投资增幅适中，财政情况好转，金融状况稳定，外汇结存上升的良好局面，顺利实现了宏观经济“软着陆”。预示着前一轮经济周期已经结...

Studies on the Secretion of Organic Acids from Roots of Two-year-old Larix olgensis under Nutrient and Water Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of nutrient and water stress on the secretion of organic acids from roots of two-year-old Larix olgensis. [Method] Different nutrient and water stress conditions were designed to investi- gate the types and quantities of organic acids secreted from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis. [Result] Under nutrient and water stress, the types of organic acids secreted from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis increased, which varied with different stress levels. In addition, nutrient and water stress also increased the secretory vol- ume of organic acids from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis. The increment in total amount of organic acids reached the maximum under Level 1 （high stress）. Among different types of organic acids, the increment in secretory volume of citric acid reached the maximum, followed by malic acid, while oxalic acid presented relatively small increment. Furthermore, the increment in secretory volume of these three organic acids all reached the maximum under Level 1. [Conclusion] The proportion of the secretory volume of each organic acid accounting for the total amount of organic acids varied slightly, but the overall order was unchanged.

Impacts of Agricultural Non-point Pollution on Water-source Area in Songhua Dam

[Objective] The aim was to research impacts of agricultural non-point pol- lution on water-source region in Songhua Dam, laying foundation for control of water pollution and scientific protection of water-source region. [Method] Water in Muyang River, lengshui River and Zizania aquatica region were sampled to measure content of pollutants in water and conclude relation between water contamination and agri- cultural non-point pollution to find the major cause of pollution. [Result] Organic pollu- tant in Muyang River was higher; N and P contents in Lengshui River were higher; the measured indices in Zizania aquatica region excessively exceeded related stan- dard. [Conclusion] The chemical fertilizers and pesticides are the toxic materials lead- ing to water contamination and constitute a major cause of pollution in Songhua Dam water-source region. Agricultural non-point pollution should be controlled in a scientific way.

Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon Under Maize Monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain, Northeast China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its relationship with landscape attributes are important for evaluating current regional, continental, and global carbon stores. Data of SOC in surface soils (0–20 cm) of four main soils, Cambisol, Arenosol, Phaeozem, and Chernozem, were collected at 451 locations in Nongan County under maize monoculture in the Song-Nen Plain, Northeast China. The spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon were studied, using geographic information systems (GIS) and geostatistics. Effects of other soil physical and chemical properties, elevation, slope, and soil type on SOC were explored. SOC concentrations followed a normal distribution, with an arithmetic mean of 14.91 g kg-1 . The experimental variogram of SOC was fitted with a spherical model. There were significant correlations between soil organic carbon and bulk density (r =-0.374**), pH (r = 0.549**), total nitrogen (r = 0.781**), extractable phosphorus (r =-0.109*), exchangeable potassium (r = 0.565**), and cation exchange capacity (r = 0.313**). Generally, lower SOC concentrations were significantly associated with high elevation (r =-0.429**). Soil organic carbon was significantly negatively correlated with slope gradient (r =-0.195**). Samples of the Cambisol statistically had the highest SOC concentrations, and samples of the Arenosol had the lowest SOC value.

Finite element model analysis of thermal failure in connector

Thermal analysis and thermal diagnose are important for small power connector especially in electronic devices since their structure is usually compact. In this paper thermal behavior of small power connector was investigated. It was found that the contact resistance increased due to the Joule beating, and that increased contact resistance produced more Joule heating; this mutual action causes the connector to lose efficiency. The thermal distribution in the connector was analyzed using finite element method （FEM）. The failure mechanism is discussed. It provides basis for improving the structure. The conclusion was verified by experimental results.

Finite Symmetry Transformation Groups and Exact Solutions of Lax Integrable Systems

The general Lie point symmetry groups of the Nizhnik-Novikov-Vesselov (NNV) equation and the asymmetric NNV equation are given by a simple direct method with help of their weak Lax pairs.

Effects of Thinning and Litter Fall Removal on Fine Root Production and Soil Organic Carbon Content in Masson Pine Plantations

Soils play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, and can be major source or sink of CO2 depending upon land use, vegetation type and soil management practices. Fine roots are important component of a forest ecosystem in terms of water and nutrient uptake. In this study the effects of thinning and litter fall removal on fine root production and soil organic carbon content were examined in 20-year-old Masson pine （Pinus resinosa） plantations in Huitong, Hunan Province of China in the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. The results showed that fine root production was significantly lower in the thinning plots than in the control plots, with a decrease of 58% and 14% in 2004 and 2005 growing seasons, respectively. Litter fall removal significantly increased fine root production by 14% in 2004. Soil temperature （Tsoil） and soil moisture （Msoil） were higher in the thinning plots than those in the controls. Litter fall removal had significant effects on Tsoil and Msoil. Soil organic carbon content was higher in the thinning plots but was lower in the plots with litter fall removal compared with that in the controls. Our results also indicated that annual production of fine roots resulted in small carbon accumulation in the upper layers of the soil, and removal of tree by thinning resulted in a significant increase of carbon storage in Masson pine plantations.

A Bi-Hamiltonian Lattice System of Rational Type and Its Discrete Integrable Couplings

By considering a new discrete isospectral eigenvalue problem, a hierarchy of lattice soliton equations of rational type are derived. It is shown that each equation in the resulting hierarchy is integrable in Liouville sense and possessing bi-Hamiltonian structure. Two types of semi-direct sums of Lie algebras are proposed, by using of which a practicable way to construct discrete integrable couplings is introduced. As applications, two kinds of discrete integrable couplings of the resulting system are worked out.