有生性在中学生英语心理谓词习得中的认知作用

依据语义突显层级理论 ,我们在 60名高三学生中进行了一项有关中学生如何发展对英语心理使役谓词零位 [使意 ]敏感度的语法判断实验 ,发现了一种与主语有生性有关的认知策略 :他们接受无生主语—动词—宾语经验者这种组合 ,而拒绝有生主语—谓词—宾语经验者的组合。主语有生性在中学生心理谓词习得中扮演了认知突破口的作用 ,这一认知策略使母语迁移因素相形见绌 ,影响心理谓词的整体习得过程 ,表明中学生对零位 [使意 ]的认知能力不仅与语言结构共性 。

句法和有生性在汉语反身代词实时理解中的作用--母语和二语对比研究

本文从语言加工视角出发,通过两个在线阅读理解实验和两个离线问卷测试,以汉语母语者和母语为韩语的高水平汉语学习者为研究对象,以汉语反身代词和先行词的回指关系为目标结构,操控先行词的句法位置和有生性语义信息,探讨汉语反身代词的在线加工机制。研究发现,母语语言处理器优先提取近距离先行词,同时对有生性语义信息敏感,后者能够调节句法信息起作用的时间窗口,支持句法优先加工的内容可及性记忆机制假说。和母语有本质不同,二语语言处理器不能有效提取句法信息,也不能提取语义信息,对语篇显著的先行词表现出短暂的倾向性,整体上支持浅层加工假说。

汉语二语空主语和空宾语的不对称及其影响因素

以往研究发现汉语二语产出中空主语和空宾语存在不对称现象,并受二语水平、有生性、句法位置等因素影响。本研究采用可接受度判断任务考察母语为日语和韩语的汉语二语学习者对汉语空主语和空宾语句的感知,从语言理解视角探讨汉语二语空主语和空宾语的不对称现象,以及二语水平、有生性和句法位置的影响。结果显示,二语者对空主语与空宾语句的感知表现出不对称性,空主语可接受度总体高于空宾语;二语水平和有生性对汉语二语空论元的感知有显著影响,但句法位置的影响不显著;随着二语水平的提高,汉语二语者在感知空论元上的表现越来越接近汉语母语者。

韩国语连接词尾■的用法再考

韩国语的■作为一个复合型连接词尾,兼具■和■的特点。但是在其语法化的过程中,■已不能单纯地被看作■的缩略语。本文将■看作一个独立的连接词尾,对其前句和后句的多种语义关系进行了分析,并且对各种语义关系下前句主语的有生性及意志性、前句的谓语进行了考察。最后本文还通过语料库的数据证实了当前句主语是无生名词或无意志的有生名词时,比起■,更倾向于使用■。

语义约束还是句法约束——汉语简单和复合反身代词的母语加工研究

本研究使用两个自控步速阅读实验和两个问卷测试,探讨句法约束原则和先行词有生性语义特征对汉语母语者简单和复合反身代词指代消解的在线影响。研究发现,有生性语义信息能够调节反身代词指代消解的加工进程,当只有一个有生性先行词,两类反身代词都优先指向该有生名词;当有两个有生性先行词,简单反身代词倾向于近距离先行词,复合反身代词倾向于远距离先行词。该结论支持以特征约束为基础、句法和语义等因素竞争的内容可及性加工机制。

Feasibility of enhanced phytoextraction of Zn contaminated soil with Zn mobilizing and plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria

Three bacterial endophytes of Sedum alfredii, VI8L2, II8L4 and VI8R2, were examined for promoting soil Zn bioavailability and Zn accumulation in S. alfredii. Results showed that three strains were re-introduced into S. alfredii rhizosphere soils under Zn stress and resulted in better plant growth, as roots biomass increased from 80% to 525% and shoot biomass from 11% to 47% compared with the uninoculated ones. Strains IVsLz, II8L4 and IVsR2 significantly increased shoot and root Zn concentrations in the ZnCO3 contaminated soil. Inoculation with strain IVsL2 resulted in 44% and 39% higher shoot and root Zn concentrations, while strain IV8R2 significantly decreased shoot Zn concentration in the Zn3（PO4）2 contaminated soils. In the aged contaminated soil, isolates IVsL2, IIsL4 and IVsR2 significantly increased root Zn concentration, but decreased shoot Zn concentration of Sedum alfredii. It suggested that endophytes might be used for enhancing phytoextraction efficiency.

Biomass Allocation of Scirpus mariqueter Along an Elevational Gradient in a Salt Marsh of the Yangtse River Estuary

Scirpus mariqueter Tang et Zhang is a typical pioneer plant colonizing the bare beaches of the Yangtse River estuary. To explore the life history strategy of the species with reference to environmental physical stress, the biomass allocations to different plant components and some related morphological parameters were examined along an elevational gradient within a salt marsh. Authors found that S. mariqueter performed best at medium elevation within the marsh, with relatively high density of shoot and individual ramet dry mass. Biomass allocation to corm was the highest at low elevations, and the least at high elevations, suggesting that a conservative strategy was adopted by the species to cope with the harsh physical conditions at the low elevation. The investment in rhizome decreased from low to high elevations, while the proportion of inflorescence mass increased, indicating that during the life history, the species shifts from predominant asexual reproduction to predominant sexual reproduction. This may be favourable for the species to colonize larger area, and to spread and persist at a meta_population level. Correlation analyses showed that sexual reproduction was inversely related to growth and asexual reproduction. However, it is difficult to determine the relationship between asexual reproduction and growth possibly because of the varied function of the corms of the species in different life history stages.

Effects of Continuous Irrigation of Biogas Slurry on Forms and Biological Availability of Pb in Soil of a Tea Garden

Through indoor culture experiments, the effects of continuous irrigation of biogas slurry on the forms and biological availability of Pb in soil of a tea garden were studied. The results show that continuous irrigation of biogas slurry could change the forms of Pb in the soil, and exchangeable Pb, Pb bonded to iron and manganese oxides, and Pb bonded to carbonates transformed to Pb bonded to or- ganic matter and residual Pb in the soil. Among various forms of Pb in the soil, the content of residual Pb was the highest in the soil irrigated with biogas slurry contin- uously in various treatments, accounting for 54.56%, 60.00% and 60.70% in the treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Compared with the CK, the application of bio- gas slurry could decrease the biological activity and biological availability of Pb in the soil obviously, and the reduction of the biological activity was 21.26%-22.83%. In a word, the application of biogas slurry in soil of the tea garden could inhibit the biological activity and biological availability of Pb.

Organic Acids Secreted from Plant Roots under Soil Stress and Their Effects on Ecological Adaptability of Plants

[Objective] In this study,the secretion of organic acids from plant roots under soil nutrient and water stress and the effects of organic acids on ecological adaptability of plants were investigated,which provided theoretical basis for improving the adaptability of plants to a variety of stress conditions.The results showed that,under nutrient and water stress,the content of organic acids secreted from plant roots increased significantly as a common active adaptive response.Organic acids could improve the activities of a variety of antioxidant enzymes,contents of osmotic regulatory substances,contents of chlorophyll and photosynthesis levels,promote nutrient absorption and transportation in plants,and ultimately contribute to plant growth and biomass accumulation,reduce the toxicity of stress conditions to plants and improve the stress resistance and adaptability of plants.

“S+给+NP+VP”中“S”的研究

"S+给+NP+VP"既可以表示处置语法意义,又可以表示被动语法意义.本文在前人研究的基础上,利用"北大汉语语料库(CCL)",选用了19023条中的610条语料进行统计、分析,对"S+给+NP+VP"中"S"的句法功能进行了考察与研究,并分析了"S"的组成成分、省略与否、有生性,无生性等.

Advances in Small RNAs and Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Small RNAs are non-coding RNA molecules with 20-30 nucleotides （nt） in length that mainly play regulatory roles in gene expression at the post-transcription level by directly cutting target mRNA or inhibiting its translation. Small RNAs play regulatory roles in the growth and development process of plants at the core of gene regulatory networks, which has been widely studied and confirmed in sporophyte generation of plants. However, few researches have been conducted on small RNAs and gametophyte generation. It is reported that small RNAs play important roles in floral organ development, gametogenesis, fertilization, and early zygotic development of plants. In addition, various small RNAs also play roles in controlling genetic integrity, cell differentiation and functions during the sexual reproduction process of plants. However, most of the specific functions of small RNAs in the sexual reproduction process are unknown yet. This study mainly aimed to introduce small RNAs in plants, summarize the latest advances in researches of small RNAs and plant sexual reproduction, and make prospect on its future.

俄汉语中动词双及物构式初探

双及物构式(дитранзитивнаяконструкция),亦称"双宾结构",是指谓语动词后携带一个近宾语和一个远宾语的句式。文章基于语言类型学的理论框架,对比研究俄汉语中的双及物构式(谓语动词及三个论元:施事、受事、主题)及其类型标志,得出两点主要结论:其一,俄汉语中的词序与动词"有生性"(одушевленность)存在对应关系;其二,俄汉语双及物构式的主题方向有所不同,汉语中存在三种方向(左、右、双向),而俄语中仅有两种方向(左、右)。

汉语使令动词习得研究——以“让、使、使得、强迫”为例

本研究在HSK动态作文语料库基础上,探讨了汉语学习者对使令动词"让、使、使得、强迫"的习得情况。研究发现,汉语学习者能够完全习得使令动词论元的有生性限制,但使令动词句法功能的习得却处于未完成状态。由于致使结构论元的有生性限制具有语言共性,二语学习者可直接从UG中提取相关语言特征,因此该句法-语义接口的习得对学习者而言不是问题。而致使结构在不同语言中的参数设置不同,汉语学习者需要识别汉语及其母语的语言特征,因母语负迁移或其他原因导致特征组装失败的可能性增大。

Soluble organic nitrogen in forest soils of northeast China

Soluble organic nitrogen （SON） is recognized as a sensitive indicator of soil nitrogen status. The present work was conducted in the temperate forests of northeast China where soils are typically characterized by high organic matter and high organic nitrogen content, and soil sampling was made in early spring just after the freeze-thaw period. The water extracted SON pools in the organic layer of forest soils were measured within the range from 156.0 mg·kg^-1 to 292.6 mg·kg^-1, a similar magnitude of salt solution extracted SON pools reported in literatures. However, the water soluble SON pools in 0-15 cm mineral soils in present study were much higher （3-10 times） than any other reports, ranging from 58.6 mg·kg^-1 to 125.2 mg·kg^-1. Water soluble SON varied markedly among the soils under different forests and at different sites. The SON in water extracts were positively and significantly correlated to soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents, but negatively correlated to microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）. The reasons of the abnormally large SON pools and the negative correlations between SON and MBN in the 0-15cm mineral soils in this study were specially discussed.

Study on Effect of Engran Series of Microbial Organic Fertilizers on Flue-cured Tobacco

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide theoretic support for improving yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco by applying microbial organic fertilizers. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of the Engran series of microbial organic fertilizers on growth and development, diseases and pests and economic traits of flue-cured tobacco. [Result] The result showed that the treatment of conventional fertilization ＋ Engran microbial agent could promote the growth and dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco during the growth period in the field, enhance the disease resistance of tobacco, and improve yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco and income of tobacco growers. Compared with T1,the proportion of high-grade tobacco, the proportion of mid-high grade tobacco,yield, output value and average price increased by 4.4%, 3.8%, 5.48%, 11.51% and5.73% respectively. [Conclusion] The treatment of conventional fertilization ＋ Engran microbial agent showed outstanding performance, is optimum for field production,and could be applied to Flue-cured tobacco.

Clinical usefulness of biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and progresses to the end stage of liver disease. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis are strongly associated with the degree of histological liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. However, data are few on the usefulness of markers in NAFLD patients. The aim of this study was to identify better noninvasive predictors of hepatic fibrosis, with special focus on markers of liver fibrosis, type VI collagen 7S domain and hyaluronic acid. METHODS: One hundred and twelve patients with histologically proven NAFLD were studied. RESULTS: The histological stage of NAFLD correlated with several clinical and biochemical variables, the extent of hepatic fibrosis and the markers of liver fibrosis were relatively strong associated. The best cutoff values to detect NASH were assessed by using receiver operating characteristic analysis: type VI collagen 75 domain ≥5.0 ng/mL, hyaluronic acid ≥43 ng/mL. Both markers had a high positive predictive value: type VI collagen 7S domain, 86% and hyaluronic acid, 92%. Diagnostic accuracies of these markers were evaluated to detect severe fibrosis. Both markers showed high negative predictive values: type VI collagen 7S domain (≥5.0 ng/mL), 84% and hyaluronic acid (≥50 ng/mL), 78%, and were significantly and independently associated with the presence of NASH or severe fibrosis by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Both markers of liver fibrosis are useful in discriminating NASH from fatty liver alone or patients with severe fibrosis from patients with non-severe fibrosis.

The use of environmentally sustainable bio-derived solvents in solvent extraction applications——A review

Replacement of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） by greener or more environmentally sustainable solvents is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing health and environmental concerns as well as economic pressures associated with VOCs. Solvents that are derived from biomass, namely bio-derived solvents, are a type of green solvent that have attracted intensive investigations in recent years because of their advantages over con- ventional VOCs, such as low toxicity, biodegradability and renewability. This review aims to summarize the use of bio-derived solvents in solvent extraction applications, with special emphasis given to utilization of biodiesels and terpenes. Compared with the conventional VOCs, the overall performance of these bio-derived solvents is comparable in terms of extraction yields and selectivity for natural product extraction and no difference was found for metal extraction. To date most researchers have focused on laboratory scale thermodynamics studies. Future work is required to develop and test new bio-derived solvents and understand the kinetic performance as well as solvent extraction nilnt nlant studies.

Evaluation of Ecological Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Northwest China

Protected areas(PAs) have experienced explosive growth in Northwest China over the last three decades, but their effectiveness in representing regional ecological system diversity has not attracted considerable attention. Low effectiveness would exacerbate the conservation-development conflicts, particularly those that arise as a result of the Great Western Development Strategy(GWDS). Thus, an assessment of the effectiveness of the PA network has become quite important. We proposed natural vegetation communities to represent regional ecological system diversities, and proposed Global 200 Priority Ecoregions, Important Bird Areas, and ecosystem function regions to represent important conservation areas. To determine their effectiveness, we studied the extent to which ecological system diversities and important conservation areas are represented by the existing 96 PAs. Our results indicated that the total coverage of vegetation communities in PAs in Northwest China is not sufficiently comprehensive. As the PA system has expanded, the growth in the total area of the PAs has been greater than that of their vegetation community richness. While most of the important conservation areas are covered by PAs, some regions have not yet reached the 10% threshold; further, PAs are distributed unevenly and conservation gaps remain in the region. Therefore, these regions should receive more attention when planning new PAs. It is vital that more biodiversity datasets and assessment of ecosystem function regions are integrated in order to provide a basis for the government to formulate appropriate protection and development strategies.

Gastric digestion of pea ferritin and modulation of its iron bioavailability by ascorbic and phytic acids in caco-2 cells

AIM： To understand the digestive stability and mechanism of release and intestinal uptake of pea ferritin iron in caco-2 cell line model.METHODS： Pea seed ferritin was purified using salt fractionation followed by gel filtration chromatography.The bioavailability of ferritin iron was assessed using coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid and phytic acid.Caco-2 cell ferritin formation was used as a surrogate marker of iron uptake. Structural changes of pea ferritin under simulated gastric pH were characterized using electrophoresis, gel filtration and circular dichroism spectroscopy.RESULTS： The caco-2 cell ferritin formation was significantly increased （P 〈 0.001） with FeSO4 （19.3±9.8 ng/mg protein） and pea ferritin （13.9 ± 6.19 ng/mg protein） compared to the blank digest （3.7 ± 1.8 ng/mg protein）. Ascorbic acid enhanced while phytic acid decreased the pea ferritin iron bioavailability. However,either in the presence or absence of ascorbic acid, the ferritin content of caco-2 cells was significantly less with pea ferritin than with FeSO4. At gastric pH, no band corresponding to ferritin was observed in the presence of pepsin either on native PAGE or SDS-PAGE. Gel filtration chromatography and circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed a pH dependent loss of quaternary and secondary structure.CONCLUSION： Under gastric conditions, the iron core of pea ferritin is released into the digestive medium due to acid induced structural alterations and dissociation of protein. The released iron interacts with dietary factors leading to modulation of pea ferritin iron bioavailability,resembling the typical characteristics of non-heme iron.

Variation of Phosphorus Bioavailability in the Re-suspended Sediments

The variation of phosphorus （P） bioavailability in terms of water soluble P （WSP ）, readily desorbable P （RDP）, algal available P （AAP）, and NaHCo3 extracting P （Olsen-P） in the re-suspended sediments was investigated in laboratory experiments, in which the waters and sediments were taken from campus canal. The results indicate that sediment re-suspension can promote the migration, of soluble reactive P （SRP） from overlying water to sediments. The contents of AAP and Olsen-P in re-suspended sediments reduced obviously, whereas the values of the sediments in the control increased slightly, compared with the initial state, indicating that the P bioavailability in the sediments could be rcduced evidently due to sediment re-suspension. The content and characteristics of iron-bound P （BD-P） significantly affect the formation of AAP. The formation of OlservP has close relationship with the contents of BD-P, almninium-botmd P （AI-P）, and organic P （NaOH-nrP）.