UPSS （urban power supply system） is a part of the region or the state power supply system. UPSS development is closely connected with region power supply system development as a whole. The decision of questions of l...UPSS （urban power supply system） is a part of the region or the state power supply system. UPSS development is closely connected with region power supply system development as a whole. The decision of questions of long-term and middle-term planning of UPSS development occurs in the conditions of incompleteness and uncertainty of the initial information. Nevertheless in these conditions the acceptance of development strategy should be based on perspective electric loads of urban TS （transformer substations）. There are difficulties with a rational placement of substations in the city with the developed infrastructure. Such problem by theoretically grounded approach to rational formation of UPSS is solved. The hierarchical structure of the organizational construction, voltage levels and load densities is considered. The mathematical and geometrical modeling of service areas for transformer substations of different voltage is fulfilled. The method of graphic placement of transformer substations in the city territory for new substations at existing structure of networks is offered. The aim of the work is to present the new uniform approach which allows finding a rational decision for new substations＇ placement in cities with developed infrastructure on the beginning design stages in conditions of the information uncertainty. The calculation program Microsoft EXCEL and the graphic program AutoCAD are used for realization of method.展开更多
Cambodia is a country where wetlands cover 30% of the country＇s total area. The Tonle Sap Lake is an important wetland area of Cambodia and Southeast Asia. However, wetland is under threats from infrastructure develo...Cambodia is a country where wetlands cover 30% of the country＇s total area. The Tonle Sap Lake is an important wetland area of Cambodia and Southeast Asia. However, wetland is under threats from infrastructure development, land conversion, water withdrawals, pollution, increased population pressure and hydropower dams building and affect the livelihoods of rural communities. The governance of wetlands is a key action in sustaining the wetland services and the well-being of people. The ＂wise use＂ is a key concept of wetland governance. Although there is considerable research on the ＂wise use＂ and the application of this concept in wetland management, its application in Tonle Sap remains challenged. Hence, this article addresses the question： How wise use is operationalized for the governance of wetlands in Tonle Sap and what implication it has on the wellbeing of peoples and the ecosystem services？ It uses a literature review and a case study to analyze the wetland governance in Tonle Sap, Cambodia. The article describes the wetland governance based on ecosystem services, the direct and indirect driver affecting wetlands and how it threatens the livelihood security of wetland dependent communities. It concludes that the officially wise use of wetlands is a problematic in Tonle Sap.展开更多
文摘UPSS （urban power supply system） is a part of the region or the state power supply system. UPSS development is closely connected with region power supply system development as a whole. The decision of questions of long-term and middle-term planning of UPSS development occurs in the conditions of incompleteness and uncertainty of the initial information. Nevertheless in these conditions the acceptance of development strategy should be based on perspective electric loads of urban TS （transformer substations）. There are difficulties with a rational placement of substations in the city with the developed infrastructure. Such problem by theoretically grounded approach to rational formation of UPSS is solved. The hierarchical structure of the organizational construction, voltage levels and load densities is considered. The mathematical and geometrical modeling of service areas for transformer substations of different voltage is fulfilled. The method of graphic placement of transformer substations in the city territory for new substations at existing structure of networks is offered. The aim of the work is to present the new uniform approach which allows finding a rational decision for new substations＇ placement in cities with developed infrastructure on the beginning design stages in conditions of the information uncertainty. The calculation program Microsoft EXCEL and the graphic program AutoCAD are used for realization of method.
文摘Cambodia is a country where wetlands cover 30% of the country＇s total area. The Tonle Sap Lake is an important wetland area of Cambodia and Southeast Asia. However, wetland is under threats from infrastructure development, land conversion, water withdrawals, pollution, increased population pressure and hydropower dams building and affect the livelihoods of rural communities. The governance of wetlands is a key action in sustaining the wetland services and the well-being of people. The ＂wise use＂ is a key concept of wetland governance. Although there is considerable research on the ＂wise use＂ and the application of this concept in wetland management, its application in Tonle Sap remains challenged. Hence, this article addresses the question： How wise use is operationalized for the governance of wetlands in Tonle Sap and what implication it has on the wellbeing of peoples and the ecosystem services？ It uses a literature review and a case study to analyze the wetland governance in Tonle Sap, Cambodia. The article describes the wetland governance based on ecosystem services, the direct and indirect driver affecting wetlands and how it threatens the livelihood security of wetland dependent communities. It concludes that the officially wise use of wetlands is a problematic in Tonle Sap.
