期會:秦漢三國政務處理的時限要求

出土秦漢三國時期政務文書中,部分標注有“恒會”“期會”“會”等。對於文書中的“期會”含義,目前學界有約期相會、時限要求與二者兼而有之三種説法。考察不同時期標注有“恒會”“期會”“會”的文書,可發現此類標注多用於規定承辦機構或吏員完結某項政務的日期。該種嚴格規定事務辦結上報時間的文書形式,是文法吏群體運作地方政務的突出特色。

吴簡所見財用錢的收繳——兼論孫吴基層的賦税管理

長沙走馬樓三國吴簡較爲詳盡地保存了財用錢簿籍。整理簡牘可以還原孫吴賦税收繳及期會簿書的運作流程。鄉吏製作的財用錢相關要簿表明,鄉吏需核實統領鄉實際户口,根據户繳財用錢數額,計算賦税應繳總額,統計賦税已入未畢情況。庫吏針對期會校計項目,對財用錢實繳數額再加整理。列曹統籌庫吏和鄉吏的工作,檢校二者所製文書簿籍,並製作相應的校計簿交由期會審核。孫吴基層賦税的收繳由郡府主導,鄉是賦税收繳的落脚點,縣是賦税管理的核心。縣廷依靠縣曹完成賦税簿籍的整理,通過期會校核簿書提高收繳效率與準確性。

釋長沙吴簡“君教”文書牘中的“掾某如曹”

長沙走馬樓三國吴簡竹木牘中有以“君教”開頭,丞、掾、期會掾、録事掾、主簿等共同審查、參議相關事務的公文書,反映了臨湘侯國期會的行政過程。本文對“君教”文書牘的刊布和研究情况進行梳理,并依據實物,討論此類文書牘的外在形制與書寫程式。在此基礎上,以人名為突破口,嘗試解釋文書中“掾某如曹”的含義:目前所見“君教”竹木牘在“如曹”位置署名的掾吏有烝循、潘棟、谷水三人,身份皆為縣吏,嘉禾年間在侯國諸曹掾史職上頻繁遷轉,提示我們牘文中的“掾”應為某曹掾,而非“廷掾”,“如曹”為到曹辦公之意。侯國以期會的方式對一定時期内的倉米、庫錢、庫布、庫皮簿、草刺等進行審核,參加者還應當包括與本次期會所校閲簿書密切相關的曹職負責人;曹吏列席會議,并隨時處理集議過程中關涉到本曹的事項,這應就是所謂“掾某如曹”的行政含義。

里耶秦简所见秦代“计”类公文书

里耶秦简中有大量迁陵县等新地基层政务往来的公文书,其中亦有丰富的“计”类文书资料。依据简牍文书在日常行政中所起的功能为分类标准,可把“计”类公文书分为县廷下属诸官按时间周期编制的统计文书,及县廷制作的专项“计簿”文书。这两类文书虽在格式上存在明显差异,但也有着内在联系,即后者主要是依据前者制作而成。通过分析“计”类文书在县廷官曹机构间的运转情况,可以管窥秦代上计制度在地方基层运行的一般过程:列曹通过参与县廷期会的方式集中对诸官所上呈的统计文书进行核校;县廷令史或将计丞除了携带综合性的“■簿”文书到郡府上计外,还要呈送“计偕簿”——专项的“计偕簿”文书,以供郡府来核验“■簿”。在上计的过程中也体现了考课其功的精神,官吏待遇亦随之动态变化,由此可见秦代中央政府已建立了一套对新地吏有效的管理体系。

長沙五一廣場東漢簡牘“假期書”考

兩漢時期爲文件彙集、人員聚合所設期限及活動通稱爲'期會'。期會是漢代行政的重要内容,籍此可以進行人員與信息的交流。期會設有嚴格的期限,規定制約的辦法,是提高行政效率的重要舉措。《漢書·賈誼傅》:'而大臣特以簿書不報,期會之間,以爲大故。'亦設有專門的官員管理期會事宜。《後漢書·百官三》:尚書'左右丞各一人,四百石。本注曰:掌録文書期會'。

Multimodality approach for locally advanced esophageal cancer

Carcinoma of the esophagus is an aggressive and lethal malignancy with an increasing incidence worldwide.Incidence rates vary internationally,with the highest rates found in Southern and Eastern Africa and Eastern Asia,and the lowest in Western and Middle Africa and Central America.Patients with locally advanced disease face a poor prognosis,with 5-year survival rates ranging from 15%-34%.Recent clinical trials have evaluated different strategies for management of locoregional cancer;however,because of stage migration and changes in disease epidemiology,applying these trials to clinical practice has become a daunting task.We searched Medline and conference abstracts for randomized studies published in the last 3 decades.We restricted our search to articles published in English.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection is an accepted standard of care in the United States.Esophagectomy remains an essential component of treatment and can lead to improved overall survival,especially when performed at high volume institutions.The role of adjuvant chemotherapy following curative resection is still unclear.External beam radiation therapy alone is considered palliative and is typically reserved for patients with a poor performance status.

简论马尔库塞关于当代西方社会革命力量的观点

马尔库塞通过对西方发达工业社会的工人阶级、青年学生、知识分子和一些亚阶级的分析,认为工人阶级由于被资本主义社会同化不再是当代资本主义社会革命的主力,而把革命的希望寄托在青年学生、知识分子和一些亚阶级身上。马尔库塞对当代资本主义社会的矛盾和革命力量的分析有失于偏颇和片面,但他的观点在一定程度上反映了发达工业社会革命的现实境况,有助于我们对现代社会革命的全面和深入认识。

Employee Stock Options＂ Accounting for Optimal Hedging, Suboptimal Exercises, and Contractual Restrictions

Employee stock options （ESOs） have become an integral component of compensation in the US. In view of their significant cost to firms, the Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB） has mandated expensing ESOs since 2004. The main difficulty of ESO valuation lies in the uncertain timing of exercises, and a number of contractual restrictions of ESOs further complicate the problem. We present a valuation framework that captures the main characteristics of ESOs. Specifically, we incorporate the holder＇s risk aversion, and hedging strategies that include both dynamic trading of a correlated asset and static positions in market-traded options. Their combined effect on ESO exercises and costs are evaluated along with common features like vesting periods, job termination risk and multiple exercises. This leads to the study of a joint stochastic control and optimal stopping problem. We find that ESO values are much less than the corresponding Black-Scholes prices due to early exercises, which arise from risk aversion and job termination risk; whereas static hedges induce holders to delay exercises and increase ESO costs.

Emergence of Temple Centered Society in Early Bihar： Mundesvari Inscription a Case in Point

In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be noted that these temples were not as gigantic or of great artistic value either as compared to the Buddhist monasteries of contemporary Bihar. The reason behind this was probably the fact that the Buddhist monasteries were built by the state or supported directly by them as well as patronized by the rich business community. On the contrary, few of the Brahamanical structures were getting these advantages and they were having support of the local followers. From the various excavation and exploration reports by archaeologists, temple structures of this period have been reported very often. But the ancient historiography of Bihar obsessed with the Buddhist, Jaina and other heterodox monuments, has tended to just ignore it. The question why such a large number of temples came up during this period, which is spread over the whole of modem Bihar, particularly near the important Buddhist sites, was never posed. Moreover, the question why the Pala rulers who were known for their Buddhist inclination later extended critical support to Brahmans has also remained unaddressed.

Expo 2010 Shanghai China Standardization Progress and Post-Expo Demand Study

The beneficial exploration and consequential harvest in the standardization field during the preparation of the Expo 2010 Shanghai China （Expo） is studied and discussed in this paper. Based upon the work that Expo needs to do to meet its requirement on standardization, many positive advances are proposed to conduct and supervise various activities in the processes of the Expo operation and post-Expo opportunities.

Research on Willingness and Influenced Factors of Delayed Retirement

Extending the retirement age is an inevitable trend with the extension of the life expectancy of the population, reducing the financial burden of pensions, increasing the utilization rate of human capital, alleviating the shortage of the labor market and other social problems. More and more countries are beginning to impose extended retirement policies, like United States, South Korea, Canada and Nordic countries and so on, all have taken some measures to delay retirement. However, the general social recognition is not high. Both the aged group, the education level and the individual＇s lifestyle have a significant impact on the delayed retirement age policy. Severe aging situation puts the future pension system at risk, based on the interests of the country, delayed retirement will help utilize the human capital and relieve the country＇ s financial pressure; from individual perspective, extending retirement age can help reduce the provision for the aged people. This article based on previous literatures review, through conducted the survey of people in Halmstad to analyze the local citizen＇s perception on delayed retirement and the influencing factors behind. Concluded that willingness of delayed retirement among people is not very high, reasons vary from different kinds of people.

On Importance of Posters in Psychological Warfare Dissemination

Posters are an usual means of wartime disseminating psychological warfare. In World War I and World War II and even the cold war period, it obtained a good performance, so its importance is self-evident. However, with the high-end development of modern science and technology, Intemet transmission replace and people＇ s self-cognition awakening, the psychological warfare dissemination means of simply by posters to expand influence has become obsolete, but it doesn＇ t mean that we don＇ t need these means. Most of the time, in such a complex social environment and interpersonal environment, the most original and most straightforward method is the most likely weapon to move people＇ s thought. This paper reviews the posters in World War I, World War II and cold war period in disseminating psychological warfare success to illustrate the importance of this means in wartime psychological warfare dissemination process. At the same time, it analyzes the feature of modern dissemination psychological warfare, mining new communication means with traditional publicity method and re-constructing the function application of posters in dissemination psychological warfare and other business expanding.

Early Era Republic Term （1923-1938）： A Look Into the Education of Women in Turkish Novel

In this work, the reflection of the education of women from the social problems in the early republic era when the novel genre was developed will be examined. In the study, in specific early republic era which covers the years 1923-1938, the theme of the education of women in Turkish novel, in general, the reflections of the look into the education of women by the Republic Era Turkey on literature of the era have been studied. The attitude in the novels which criticizes the educational institutes through the educational issues also shows similarities with the look of republic ideology into education. While the mentioned educational institutes of early republic are being systemized, the negative sides of existing educational institutes have been examined. The problems such as the duality in education, the education of the girls, modern, and neighborhood school＇s education together have been studied as subheadings. The goal of the study is to determine the insufficiency of the educational institutes which has become a social problem in Turkish novel with respect to the term novels. Within this respect, while the introduction part describes the conditions of the era on education, the part which constitutes the basic of the work, the education problem in the novels dealing with the education of women has been expressed with novel heroes.

＂Trades＂ and ＂Social Membership＂ into the Context of Feudal Friulian Society during Late Middle Ages （13th Century- 1511）

It is a very hard job for historians to keep themselves neutrals in from of the events they find during their studies. It is also difficult to notice the correlations among the different times of the history without falling in anachronistic mistakes. In fact, it is well-known that a historian must be wise and rational when he finds those correlations, because every society has its own characteristics, structures, and mentality. This brief essay focuses on the social structures in a north eastern italic region, which is called Friuli, between the 12th and 16th centuries. In the above mentioned centuries, it is possible to notice an evolution from a feudal ecclesiastical principality, ruled by prince-patriarchs, ecclesiastical institutions and nobility, to a more fluid and dynamic constitution formed by new classes which rose up in times of urban and economic development. But this development struggles to delete the old system, which persisted until the end of 18th century with the arrival of Napoleon. The transition from the Patriarch＇s power to Venice＇s dominion seems to have created two main consequences： by one hand a more bureaucratic and modem structure of the State, by the other hand a consolidation of the old connections between patrons and clients, consequence of the ＂modem＂ feudal system that consolidated its roots in the Late Middle Ages centuries.

Yarn Expo Spring 2018 expecting over 450 exhibitors to take part

The leading trade event in the world’s biggest yarn and fiber consuming market;an unrivalled ability in gathering high-quality worldwide buyers from various market sectors;strong industry affirmation on its effectiveness;

On the Differences of Early Utopian Visions Between China and Western Society

Utopian visions between China and Western society differed in their early stage. Words reflecting early Chinese utopian visions scattered in many ancient classics. Most of them were general depiction of an ideal society featured with equality, sympathy, preference for community autonomy and the social order ＂the whole world as one community＂. Early Western society witnessed many utopian monographs. Most of them offered detailed construction of social frame with emphasis on social function division, request for ideal authority, and property co-ownership as core of an ideal society.

German Labor Sports Movement in Slovakia and Its Orientation in Period 1918-1938

This is a study of German Labor Sport organizations and unions in Slovakia in the time parameters area 1918-1938 German workers living in Slovakia started to found their own union after 1918. They got a strong support from similar organizations of German workers living in Sudety. The coordinating role was played by the German Socio-Democratic party in Slovakia. The major concentration of these unions was in Bratislava and Eastern Slovakia. Concerning their specialized field, they can be divided into tourism-practising, physical and sport ones However, the union activities were strongly influenced by political parties. Activities of every union were regional and therefore a strong mutual isolation existed

Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics： French Philosophy and Social Theory in Relation to Ethics and Philosophy of Management

This article gives an overview of my book French Philosophy and Social Theory. A Perspective for Ethics and Philosophy of Management, published by Springer 2014. As an extension of my earlier work on French philosophy, this book provides an application of important concepts from contemporary French philosophy to business ethics and the ethics of organizations. Although the book covers a wide range of philosophers and philosophical movements, there is a core and deep unity of the book. This is the demonstration of how the conceptual resources of contemporary French philosophy from the early 20th Century to the present day can be applied to give us new perspectives on business ethics and the ethics of organizations.

A Study of Burial Patterns and Symbolism With Reference to Harappan Sites in India

Since time and beyond, when humans first developed the understanding of staying in communities, a sense of affection and adoration grew towards fellow beings. The law of nature of the cycle of life gave rise to the belief in life after death and a sense of intimidation for the same, gave way to supernatural beliefs. Such beliefs gave rise to multifarious customary activities. A study to understand them on the basis of symbolism has paved the way for simplification of the complex rituals, and hence, perceive the prevalent socio-cultural aspects of those times.

Architectural and Urban Communication in Social Identity： The Case Study of Agadir Morocco： From Colonial Preponderance to Renaissance Which Social Identity？

This paper proposes the architectural communication as a socio-spatial identification, and a channel for the politico-patrimonial dialogue in a determined territory which is in this case the south Moroccan city of Agadir. By analyzing Agadir＇s urbanistic and architectural content thorough ages, we find ourselves involved in an enthralling and passionate debate concerning two important aspects. The first is the historical temporality of the city＇s architectural and urbanistic changes. In other words, it is the different architectural transformation related to the political transmutations that Agadir has witnessed since the Portugal settlement until the after earthquake of 1960. While the second is about the perception toward the architectural oeuvre deeply settled in the territory and the memory of the city＇s designers. This aspect is linked to the society＇s perception toward the architectural-urban transformations in their territory. In our paper, we are going to focus on two major architectural and urbanistic ages in the history of Agadir. The first period we are going to approach is the architectural and urbanistic features of Agadir during French settlement. The second period is Agadir＇s architectural renaissance after 1960s earthquakes. Since the core of our study is the architectural acts, it is definitely a matter of interpretation related to the philosophical, mental and ideological representation of the city＇s architecture and urbanism either by those who artistically invented Agadir during colonialism or those who reinvented Agadir after 1960s earthquakes. Do urbanism and architecture represent for Agadir, a power, a doctrine or a savoir-faire？ Can we affirm that Agadir＇s architecture is truly reflecting the image of its society？ Is this society in itself immersed sufficiently in its architecture？ Several hypotheses are possible in this research. Nevertheless, the fact that in this paper we use communication as a vehicle to establish a dialogue between arts, politics and socio-ideologic and territorial governance makes us recognize the different bridging relationships between the architectural action, the political and urbanistic content represented in the architectural expression. It also helps us to discover and analyze the ideologies that lead the architects during their conception. Finally, is this architecture which normally must represent the society in tempo-spatial territory admitted by the local citizens？ All these are lines of research we are going to shed light on in this paper.