To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. Observational cohort study nested within a large (n = 17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compa...To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. Observational cohort study nested within a large (n = 17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compared growth weight-forage, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores (WAZ, LAZ,WLZ) and head circumference (HC) during the intervals 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 months, using hierarchical multivariate regression to control for size at the beginning of each interval, maternal education, geographic region, and urban versus rural location. Mixed BF and formula/other milk were associated with significantly higher (versus breast milk only) LAZ at 1 to 3 months (+ 0.038 and + 0.047, respectively). In the 3 to 6 month interval, mixed BF and formula/other milk led to significantly higher WAZ (+ 0.125 and + 0.139) and LAZ (+ 0.081 and + 0.075),whereas cereal intake was associated with large and highly significant reductions in both measures (-0.293 and -0.240) and in HC (-0.291 cm). Mixed BF and formula/other milk continued to have positive albeit smaller associations with WAZ and LAZ in the 6 to 9 month and 9 to 12 month intervals. Our results confirm the growth-accelerating effects of formula and other milks (versus breast milk) on weight and length gain throughout infancy,with a dose-response gradient and largest associations observed at 3 to 6 months.展开更多
文摘To examine the effects of formula, other milks, other liquids, cereals, and other solid foods on growth during infancy. Observational cohort study nested within a large (n = 17,046), cluster-randomized trial. We compared growth weight-forage, length-for-age, and weight-for-length z scores (WAZ, LAZ,WLZ) and head circumference (HC) during the intervals 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 months, using hierarchical multivariate regression to control for size at the beginning of each interval, maternal education, geographic region, and urban versus rural location. Mixed BF and formula/other milk were associated with significantly higher (versus breast milk only) LAZ at 1 to 3 months (+ 0.038 and + 0.047, respectively). In the 3 to 6 month interval, mixed BF and formula/other milk led to significantly higher WAZ (+ 0.125 and + 0.139) and LAZ (+ 0.081 and + 0.075),whereas cereal intake was associated with large and highly significant reductions in both measures (-0.293 and -0.240) and in HC (-0.291 cm). Mixed BF and formula/other milk continued to have positive albeit smaller associations with WAZ and LAZ in the 6 to 9 month and 9 to 12 month intervals. Our results confirm the growth-accelerating effects of formula and other milks (versus breast milk) on weight and length gain throughout infancy,with a dose-response gradient and largest associations observed at 3 to 6 months.
