建筑风水与压白尺

在中国传统的风水研究中,目前的研究多在位置与五行关系上,也就是堪舆之术。然而,对于建筑本身的尺度上的风水之术却研究甚少。这可能是因为风水师和营造者是两个不同的职业,在中国传统上风水师的地位要高于营造者,风水师的著述颇多,然而营造者却只有一些口诀师徒相传,不为外人所知。

慎用舶来“鲁班尺”

慎用舶来“鲁班尺”何俊寿正当拙作《门光尺析证》发表之际，友人执一舶来之鲁班尺质我：何以不同于一般所论及之尺度？当以何为准？吾当即茫然。文既撰述，理当究核，再作论证。该尺为一精制钢卷尺，尺身宽１９ｍｍ，长５５００ｍｍ。在尺面上印有四种尺度，上栏为中国市...

徽州古民居平面模数研究——以歙县为例

本文结合中国度量衡史学者研究成果以及中国古代风水理论,对歙县(棠樾、渔梁和瞻淇三个村落)古民居的平面模数进行研究。在徽州古民居平面测绘尺寸的基础上,运用数理统计推算方法求取木工尺尺长的可能值,在此基础上,利用古代民居营造中的压白尺法对计算结果进行筛选,从而归纳出明清时期歙县古民居木工尺数值及其发展趋势与地域分布特征,并对其原因进行了初步分析。

“登轼而望之”新证

《曹刿论战》(《左传·庄公十年》)一文中有“齐师败绩.公将驰之.刿曰:‘未可.’下视其辙,登轼而望之,曰:‘可矣.’遂逐齐师.”几句.今人对其中“登轼而望之”解释不同,一种认为此句中的“轼”是名词,作“登”的宾语,“登轼”是登上车前横木的意思.另一种认为“轼”是动词,“登轼”是连动关系,即“登上车,扶着车前横木”的意思.郭锡良先生等主编的《古代汉语》(北京出版社一九八一年第一版)在“登”后专门加了标点.哪一种更符合情理呢?我认为“登轼”解作动宾关系,译为“登上车前横木”更准确.首先,从古战车的规格看,“轼”是能够登的.《中华大字典》解释“轼”为;“古代车厢前面供立乘者凭扶的横术,有三面,其形如半框,也作式.”清人戴震在《考工记图》中说:“式中较皆车栏上之木,周于舆外,非横在舆中.较有两在两旁,式中有三面.”《周礼·考工记》上说:“兵车之轮,六尺有六寸”,“舆人为车、轮崇、车广、衡长叁如一,谓之叁称.叁分车广去一以为遂.叁分其遂,一在前,二在后,以揉其式.”其下郑注:“兵车之式,深尺四寸三分寸之二.”据此可知古代兵车的式,车厢前面的长六尺六寸,两旁的各长一尺四寸多.(均为古代木工尺)车轼的高。

Evidence of Dual Scale Porous Mechanisms During Fluid Migration in Hardwood Species (Ⅱ) A Dual Scale Computational Model to Describe the Experimental Results

The second part of this paper is devoted to the computational modelling of transient water migration in hardwood. During re-saturation, the moisture content, measured during the process by using X-ray attenuation (see part 1 of this paper), increases quickly very close to the cavity, but requires a very long time for the remaining part of the sample to absorb the moisture in wetting. For this configuration and this material, the macroscopic approach fails. Consequently, a dual-porosity approach is proposed. The computational domain uses a 2-D axisymmetric configuration for which the axial coordinate represents the macroscopic longitudinal direction of the sample whereas the radial coordinate allows the slow migration from each active vessel towards the fibre zone to be considered. The latter is a microscopic space variable. The moisture content field evolution depicts clearly the dual scale mechanisms:a very fast longitudinal migration in the vessel followed by a slow migration from the vessel towards the fibre zone.The macroscopic moisture content field resulting from this dual scale mechanism is in quite good agreement with the experimental data.

Evidence of Dual Scale Porous Mechanisms During Fluid Migration in Hardwood Species (Ⅰ) Using the Attenuation of a Aolychromatic X-ray Beam to Determine the Evolution of Moisture Content During Imbibition of Beech

An experimental device able to determine the moisture content of wood usingX-ray attenuation is used to study the imbibition of beech samples (Fagus silvatica). The apparatusincludes an X-ray generator, a protective tube, collimating plates and a 50 mm detector. Detectedparticles can be categorised by energy (accuracy of the order of 20%) or by position (accuracy 100μm). The independent choice of both the energy spectrum (through the voltage) and the counting rate(through the current intensity) makes the installation very flexible. However, a rigorous treatmentis necessary to deal with the attenuation of a polychromatic spectrum. The appropriate calculationsare presented and validated with homogeneous samples made of wood and water. In addition, someresults are presented with samples heterogeneous in density and moisture content. Finally, theexperimental device is used to study the evolution of moisture content during saturationexperiments, for which the moisture migration is mainly due to capillary forces. The geometricalconfiguration was so arranged that the transfer can be studied in two directions simultaneously.