Description of a New Species in the Genus Mimumesa(Hymenoptera:Crabronidae) from China

A new species of the genus Mimumesa Malloch（Crabronidae：Pemphredoninae：Psenini）,Mimumesa scutiprotuberantis Ma,Li and Chen,sp.nov.,from Shanghai,China is described and illustrated.Type specimen is deposited in the Shanghai Entomological Museum,Shanghai,China.

天有多高,云有多淡(上)

一我决定写她的时候,四月的风正好从密实的紫藤花穗上翻过,浅浅的香,熏软了过来过往的人心,我的目光四处游荡,我希望能在这怡人的春光里,剪裁一小绺,放在文章的前端,做成一个惊艳的标题,把人心紧紧锁进我的文字、她的故事里,就像我无数次地幻想,能给她系上一块颜色菲丽的丝巾,把她细润的脖子,很好地修饰一番,然后,风筝一样,放飞在四月的天幕上,而后,所有人的目光,都开始向上仰望以及追随……

夹心蛋卷生产技术

介绍粗粮细做的休闲膨化食品——夹心蛋卷生产技术。以玉米、大米为主要原料;玉米、大米用粉碎机粉碎后过筛,粒度要求16～30目,按比例倒入搅拌机,加少许植物油等,送入发爆机料斗发爆;将人造奶油、可可粉等调和成馅料,注入已爆的半成品中;半成品切至所需长度,喷以糖粉、奶粉、可可粉等调味辅料,再稍作焙烤,温度70℃～80℃,时间8～10min。成品含水量为3%～4%,最后经自然或鼓风冷却后进行包装。

Growing stock variation in different teak (Tectona grandis) forest stands of Mizoram,India

The growing stock assessment of three different teak forest stands （Tuirial： 500 m asl, Sairang： 200 m asl and Phunchawng： 550 m asl） was done in 2006 in Mizoram, India. Five diameter classes were arbitrarily established for knowing the volume attribute data and population structure, viz. a （10-20 cm）, b （20-30 cm）, c （30-40 cm）, d （40-50 cm）, and e （50-60 cm）. Results revealed that the density of the individuals among the studied stands varied from 280 stems/ha to 620 stems/ha. The average diameter of all the individuals ranged between 27.48 cm and 35.43 cm. Similarly, the average height was oscillated between 17.87 m and 22.24 m. The total basal area was recorded between 24.28 m2.ha-1 and 45.80 m2.ha＂l. The maximum and minimum values of total growing stock under all the diameter classes were 669.01 m3.ha-1 and 284.7 m3.ha-1, respectively. The representation of population structure of different stands explained that the perpetuation of this species was ensured for a quite long time.

Characterization of Lignins Isolated from Alkali Treated Prehydrolysate of Corn Stover

Lignins were isolated and purified from alkali treated prehydrolysate of corn stover. The paper presents the structural features of lignins in a series purification processes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-vis spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to analyze the chemical structure. Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to follow the thermal degradation, and wet chemical method was used to determine the sugar content. The results showed that the crude lignin from the prehydrolysate of corn stover was a heterogeneous material of syringyl, guaiacyl and p-hydroxyphenyl units, containing associated polysaccharides, lipids, and melted salts. Some of the crude lignin was chemically linked to hemicelluloses （mainly xylan）. The lipids in crude lignin were probably composed of saturated and/or unsaturated long carbon chains, fatty acids, tdterpenols, waxes, and derivatives of aromatic. The sugar content of purified lignin was less than 2.11%, mainly composed of guaiacyl units. DTGmax of purified lignin was 359 ℃. The majority of the hydroxyl groups were phenolic hydroxyl groups. The main type of linkages in purified lignin was β-O-4. Other types of linkages included β-5, β-β and α-O-4.

Comparative Study on the Pyrolysis Behaviors of Corn Stalk and Pine Sawdust Using TG-MS

The pyrolysis behaviors of corn stalk(CS) and pine sawdust(PS) were investigated with thermogravimetry-mass spectroscopy(TG-MS).The peak temperature of PS was higher and the main decomposition region shifted to higher temperature compared with CS,which implied that the hemicellulose and cellulose of PS were more thermally stable than those of CS.However,the hemicellulose and cellulose of PS were more easily decomposed into gaseous products than those of CS during pyrolysis.The pyrolysis process of biomass can be described by a two-step independent first-order kinetic model.This fundamental study provides a basic insight into the biomass pyrolysis,which is beneficial for understanding the pyrolysis mechanism of biomass and developing an advanced thermal process for effective utilization of biomass.

Ensiled Cassava Peel and Caged Layers＇ Manure Mixture as Energy Source in Broiler Starter Diet

The replacement of maize with dried cassava peel and dried caged layers＇ manure mixed in ratio 5：1 （w/w）, ensiled for 14 days was investigated in broiler starter diet to evaluate their growth responses. The fermented mixture was used to partially replace maize at 0, 25% and 50% in broiler starter diet. Ninety （90） day old chicks, of Anark breed were divided into three groups of three replicates each. There were ten birds per replicate and each group was fed each of the dietary treatment ad libitum for 28 days. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio （FCR）, protein efficiency ratio （PER）, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransaminase （EC 2.6.1.1.1）, alanine aminotransaminase （EC 2.6.1.1.2）, carcass cut parts and cost per kilogram flesh gained were monitored. Results showed linear increase （P 〈 0.05） in feed intake, body weight gain, FCR, and PER. The serum proteins and enzymes monitored were not influenced （P 〉 0.05） by treatments. The eviscerated weight, wings and large intestine length were higher （P 〈 0.05） in birds fed 50% replacement of maize diet. The cost of feed per kilogramme and cost per kilogramme flesh gained was best （P 〈 0.05） in birds fed diets 50% replacement of maize. Therefore, fermented mixture of cassava peel and caged layers＇ manure （FCPCLM） in broiler starter diet at 50% dietary level support good performance, enhanced gain in eviscerated weight and reasonable cost per kilogramme flesh gained at the starter phase.

Edible Films of Blended Cassava Starch and Rice Flour with Sorbital and Their Mechanical Properties

In this study, the mechanical properties （tensile strength, elongation at break and folding resistance） of edible biopolymer film blends formed from blended cassava starch and rice flour at different compositions with sorbital used as a plasticizer. A suitable ratio of cassava starch and rice flour to water at 10% w/v was used to form a film solution. The addition of a plasticizer agent up to 30% w/w of blending compositions improved the mechanical properties of the generated films. The mechanical properties of the edible blended films with 30% plasticizer were strongly dependent on the blending compositions. Our results pointed out that the cassava starch and rice flour films at a ratio of 70：30 with sorbitol 30% （w/w） had the highest tensile strength which related to folding endurance of the films.

Flame Retardancy Evaluation of Nanocomposites Prepared from Sawdust and Montmorillonite Clay

Composites of montmorillonite clay and sawdust were prepared with the desired result being having new materials which burn longer than unmodified sawdust. The three forms of clay used for preparation of composites were unmodified montmorillonite, mono-ionic montmorillonite and organically modified montmorillonite. Montmorillonite clay was converted to mono-ionic clay by ion exchange with sodium using a sodium chloride solution. The mono-ionic clay was organically modified with an organic surfactant, methyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide. Nanocomposites were then prepared by combining the modified and raw forms of the clay with sawdust. The solution blending method was used to make the nanocomposites. The samples were analysed using thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. The studies showed that the nanocomposite which was made from sawdust and 1% organically modified clay had the most improved results in terms of burning time and thermal stability, as well as giving a calorific value closest to unmodified sawdust and the least amount of residue.

Design Wood Nanocomposites from Polymer Nanocomposites

Researches on wood nanocomposites, which involve nano science and technology, wood science,materials science and other related subjects, have important science signification and promising prospect forthe development and study of new wood composites with high appending values and multi-properties. Thispaper reviewed the conventional wood composites, and then discussed the approaches to prepare woodnanocomposites. Based on the achievements of researches on polymer/montmorillonite (MMT)nanocomposites, the design ideas of preparing nanocomposites of wood and inorganic MMT weresystematically put forward. Nano compounding of wood and other materials is an effective approach togreatly improve or modify wood.

Efficient and ligand free palladium catalyst for Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions

A simple and efficient system for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions was developed using a ligandless catalyst of Pd nanoclusters generated in situ from Pd(acac)2. The cross-coupling reactions proceeded under mild reaction conditions with a high reaction rate(5 min) to give various biaryls in high yields. The system also exhibited catalytic potential for Heck reaction between aryl bromides and styrene.