高温磺甲基化碱木质素染料分散剂的制备及性能

以酸析碱木质素（AL）为原料，通过高温磺甲基化改性反应制备不同磺酸基含量的磺甲基化碱木质素（SAL），研究了各反应工艺条件对产物磺酸基含量的影响，并测定了产物用作染料分散剂的高温稳定性和对纤维的沾污性。通过优化得到以下工艺条件IW（AL）=25．0％，反应温度为180℃，反应时间为4h，反应体系pH=11．0，n（亚硫酸钠）：n（甲醛）=3．5：1。在该工艺条件下，通过调节亚硫酸钠用量制备不同磺酸基含量的SAL。对SAL的性能测定结果表明，SAL磺酸基含量为1．2～1．4mmol／g时具有较优的综合性能，尤其是高温稳定性出色，130℃高温处理后染料分散液的平均粒径最低为14．347μm，明显优于商品染料分散剂UNA（86．125μm）和NNO（59．886μm），但是对纤维还具有一定的沾污性。

磺甲基化乙酸木质素制备农药分散剂及其性能评价

用不同质量分数乙酸对乙酸木质素(AAL)进行分级,得到不同相对分子质量的4个级分(AAL-1~AAL-4)。通过磺甲基化改性,以AAL-1~AAL-4为原料,制得不同相对分子质量的磺甲基化木质素(SML)样品SML-1~SML-4;以AAL-2为原料,添加不同用量的无水亚硫酸钠制备不同磺酸基含量的磺甲基化木质素SML-A~SML-D,并将其作为农药分散剂,制备40%腈菌唑可湿性粉剂(WP),探讨了SML相对分子质量和磺酸基含量对40%腈菌唑WP应用性能的影响。研究结果表明:当SML的重均相对分子质量从5768提高到13964,腈菌唑悬浮率从72.68%升至83.69%,润湿时间从45 s升至62 s;当磺酸基从0.51 mmol/g增加到1.78 mmol/g,腈菌唑悬浮率从73.56%升至84.86%,润湿时间从72 s降至57 s。随着相对分子质量和磺酸基含量提高,40%腈菌唑WP悬浮液分散相的平均粒径降低,分散性较好;但过高的相对分子质量反而使腈菌唑悬浮率下降。

磺甲基化木质素的辣根过氧化物酶催化聚合研究

以碱木质素为原料,采用磺甲基化反应,得到磺甲基化木质素(SAL),并进一步采用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)催化以提高其分子量,制备了高分子量高磺化度磺甲基化木质素(HPSAL).采用凝胶渗透色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、紫外光谱和顶空气相色谱等研究了改性前后SAL的结构特征.结果表明,经HRP催化后,与SAL相比,HPSAL的重均分子量和磺化度显著增加,分别提高20倍和30%以上,羧基含量升高,而甲氧基和酚羟基含量降低.HRP使SAL形成酚氧自由基,活化其酚羟基的邻、对和侧链Cβ位,增加磺化反应活性,而磺化度的提高又有利于增加HRP催化SAL的聚合反应活性,其聚合方式主要为β-O-4'、β-β'、β-1'和β-5'联结.分子模拟结果表明,甲氧基含量的降低和磺酸基含量的增加能显著提高以β-O-4'连接键为主的聚合反应活性.

脂肪族与其它减水剂的复配研究

本文通过对脂肪族减水剂与木质素磺素钠减水剂、蒽系减水剂、萘系减水剂等的复配研究,通过净浆及混凝土对比实验,确定了配比的最佳掺量,从而解决了木质素磺素钠减水剂减水率低,适用范围窄,蒽系与萘系在冬天结晶等缺点。

选择性堵水剂配方的确定

油井堵水是降低采出液的出水率何提高勘探开发效益的一类重要技术。控制油层出水有很多方法:当油层和水层明显分割,可选择在含水层设置非渗透性的永久性屏障,如水泥浆、超细水泥、树脂或有机凝胶;当油层和水层在同一层位,工艺上又无法确保油层与水层分隔开的油气井,为达到降水增油的目的,需要采用具有高度选择性的堵水剂。对于选择性堵水剂,最关键的性能是堵水剂不但要具有良好的堵水性。

Effect of organic depressant lignosulfonate calcium on separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite

In order to selectively separate chalcopyrite from pyrite,the effect of organic depressant lignosulfonate calcium(LSC) on the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite was investigated by flotation tests. The depression mechanism was studied by Fourier-transform-infrared(FTIR) analysis. The flotation tests of single mineral show that LSC can depress the flotation of pyrite in a certain pH range,but it has little effect on chalcopyrite flotation. Flotation separation of a mixture of chalcopyrite and pyrite can be completed to obtain a copper concentrate grade up to 24.73% with a recovery of 80.36%. IR analysis shows that LSC and butyl xanthate compete in absorption on pyrite surface,and there exists an LSC characteristic peak on pyrite surface. There is little adsorption of LSC on chalcopyrite.

Effect of temperature,oxygen partial pressure and calcium lignosulphonate on chalcopyrite dissolution in sulfuric acid solution

The pressure leaching mechanism of chalcopyrite was studied by both leaching tests and in-situ electrochemical measurements. The effects of leaching temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and calcium lignosulphonate, on copper extraction and iron extraction of chalcopyrite pressure leaching were investigated. The leaching rate is accelerated by increasing the leaching temperature from 120 to 150 ℃ and increasing oxygen partial pressure to 0.7 MPa. The release of iron is faster than that of copper due to the formation of iron-depleted sulfides. Under the optimal leaching conditions without calcium lignosulphonate, the copper and iron extraction rates are 79% and 81%, respectively. The leaching process is mixedly controlled by surface reaction and product layer diffusion with an activation energy of 36.61 k J/mol. Calcium lignosulphonate can effectively remove the sulfur passive layer, and the activation energy is 45.59 k J/mol, suggesting that the leaching process with calcium lignosulphonate is controlled by surface chemical reactions. Elemental sulfur is the main leaching product, which is mixed with iron-depleted sulfides and leads to the passivation of chalcopyrite. Electrochemical studies suggest that increasing the oxygen partial pressure leads to increasing the cathodic reaction rate and weakening the passivation of chalcopyrite.

Influence of surfactants on bioleaching of arsenic-containing gold concentrate

To shorten the bioleaching cycle of arsenic-containing gold concentrate, surfactants were used to promote the interaction between bacteria and ore to increase the arsenic leaching rate. Three different kinds of surfactants were used to evaluate the effects of surfactants on the growth of bacteria and arsenic leaching rate of arsenic-containing gold concentrate. The mechanism underlying surfactant enhancement was also studied. Results show that when relatively low-concentration surfactants are added to the medium, no significant difference is observed in the growth and Fe2+ oxidation ability of the bacteria compared with no surfactant in the medium. However, only the anionic surfactant calcium lignosulfonate and the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 are found to improve the arsenic leaching rates. Their optimum mass concentrations are 30 and 80 mg/L, respectively. At such optimum mass concentrations, the arsenic leaching rates are approximately 13.7% and 9.1% higher than those without the addition of surfactant, respectively. Mechanism research reveals that adding the anionic surfactant calcium lignosulfonate improves the percentage of bacterial adhesion on the mineral surface and decreases the surface tension in the leaching solution.

Impact of Lignosulfonate on Solution Chemistry and Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Soils

An incubation experiment(Exp. 1) with three soils, two from Australia and one from Norway, was carried out to investigate the fate of dissolved BorreGro(a lignosulfonate, produced by Borregaard LignoTech Company, Norway) at different concentrations(0, 10 and 100 mg C L-1) in soil solutions. A rhizobox experiment(Exp. 2) was also done in a Norwegian clay soil, mixed with four levels of BorreGro-carbon(BG-C) added(0, 2, 20 and 200 mg BG-C kg-1) to test the impact of BorreGro on root growth, rhizosphere chemistry(pH, metals and dissolved organic carbon(DOC)) and the composition of phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs). The BorreGro addition increased the concentration of Mn due to the high concentrations in BorreGro. The BorreGro addition to soil had an indirect but significant impact on the rhizosphere chemistry and PLFAs. The lowest amounts of added BorreGro facilitated the DOC excretion at plant roots, and thereby increased the bacterial and fungal biomass, likely as an effect of increased Mn solubility from BorreGro in the root zone.