关于《百法论》注疏与“本事分”问题

《大乘百法明门论本事分中略录名数》,简称《百法论》,是唐代玄奘法师翻译的一部法相唯识学方面的论书。此书短小精悍,广受学人欢迎,有不少高僧为其作过注疏。通过考察现存的百法论唐代注疏,本文认为,《百法论》标题中的“本事分”是指《大乘阿毗达磨集论》中的《本事分》,这是《光疏》的说法,由《忠疏》所印证。但因《瑜伽师地论》在汉传唯识学中的神圣地位,后来出现了“一本十支”的思想,认为其他法相唯识论典皆本《瑜伽》而生,《百法》也是《瑜伽》一支。受此思路的影响,人们便认为《百法论》的“本事分”是指《瑜伽》的本事分,后人进一步认为“本事分”就是《本地分》,这虽然略有质疑之声,但也渐成定论,影响至今。

A New Criteria to Apply Weight-Dependent CATSthr to Cost-Benefit Analysis within the Framework of IMO EnvironmentaI-FSA Studies

The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment （FSA）. In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm （Cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt） is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis （CBA）, a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.

Speed, Uncertainty, and Origin of Disaster

Progress and disaster are two sides of the same coin. Text analyzes the two main themes. Firstly, the treatise attempts at a philosophical analysis of the categories--speed and disaster in Paul Virilio dromology. The development of high technical speeds would thus result in the disappearance of consciousness as the direct perception of phenomena that inform us of our own existence. Dromological research by Paul Virilio presents a critical analysis of the consequences for our perception and logistics caused by polar inertia, inertia of absolute speed. The second part of the study discusses the word--accident. Accident is inseparable from the speed. Virilio＇s texts deal with the impact of speed, disaster, and accident on the contemporary world. Speed and accident create a new form of uncertainty in society.

A Rule of Law Approach to the Division of Authority of Office in China

Making the authority of office of government at all levels more standardized and lawbased is an important step in the process of deepening financial reform and establishing fiscal and taxation systems governed by law.To do so,China needs to clarify further the legal division of authority of government at every level and protect and promote its exercise through legal mechanisms.Governments are given powers so that they may effectively protect citizens’basic interests.On the premise of clarifying the boundaries of government functions,we should use legal means and observe the principle of restraint in determining the scope of authority of office.The criteria for the division have both economic and legal aspects.Economic criteria are more basic;legal criteria make adjustments to the pattern of division derived from economic criteria.The authority of office can be divided into legislative supervision and enforcement.The current legal system allocates powers of legislative supervision quite rationally,but supervision of judicial powers in particular should be appropriately centralized.In terms of enforcement,some space is left for the division of administrative powers in the current system,and there is quite obvious homogeneity of powers between different levels of government.The legal division of authority of office requires that basic principles be stipulated in the Constitution and that a basic fiscal law be devised that clarifies the powers of all levels of government.Allocation of fiscal powers between governments and optimization of the transfer payment system,together with budget constraints,will provide an institutional guarantee for the division of these powers.Fundamentally,the legal confirmation of a system of civil rights can promote the implementation of statutory powers.

Status of ocular trauma in hospitalized patients in Kashan, 2011： As a sample of industrial city

Purpose： Ocular trauma is the third leading cause of hospitalization in ophthalmology patients, imposing direct and indirect physical and psychological costs on society. This study aims to investigate the status of ocular trauma in hospitalized patients in the industrialized city of Kashan in 2011. Methods： This cross-sectional descriptive applied study was conducted in 2012 on patients hospitalized for ocular trauma. Data, including age, gender, occupation, education, timing of admission following accident, location of accident, type of injury, damaging instrument, and type of trauma, were collected using a questionnaire designed by a trained nurse, and analyzed using SPSS-lfi software by means of means _＋ standard deviation, frequency, and percentage for descriptive data and t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Chi-square and Fisher exact test for analysis at significance level ofp 〈 0.05. Results： In total, 82 patients were hospitalized due to ocular traumas. The majority of patients were male （65 patients, 79.3%）. Their mean age was （25.4 ± 21.4） years, with an age range of 20-40 years （30 patients, 36.6%）. Hyphema was the most common injury （26 patients, 25.5%）, home was the most frequent incident location （32 patients, 39%）, and knife or other cutting tools were mostly responsible for injuries （18 patients, 21.9%）. Patients were hospitalized for 1-6 days, and the average length of stay in hospital was 2.63 days. Frequency distribution of injuries based on whether or not ruptures differed significantly among different age groups. Conclusion： The majority of ocular trauma occurred in young males. Knife was the principle culprit for eye injuries, followed by vehicles. To reduce such incidents, it is recommended that people be trained to avoid high-risk behaviors when using knives and to better heed driving rules and regulations.