太极相谐 动静相宜——论中国古代太极拳“太极”文化的本体及价值义

运用文献研究法,对中国传统文化中的"太极"观念加以梳理,认为中国古代太极拳与传统的"太极"文化两者有着深厚的渊源,拳理即义理。宜静宜动之间,体现了"太极"文化的本体义及价值义,并试图寓于相关的文献语境中予以研读与分析。

汉语水果类名词的属性义知识本体描写与构建

以北大CCL现代汉语语料库为基础,基于SSWM扩展形成句法组合结构的原则,构建出水果类名词属性义知识本体:11种上位概念的初始属性、75种下位概念的具体属性和无限多的特征值义。这个本体说明水果类名词的属性义是相对有限的,而与其相匹配的特征值义是无限多的。以有限关联无限,以可知关联未知,这是属性在获取词义的认知过程中所具有的语义关联机制和桥梁作用的重要体现。

本体、价值与境界:论中国哲学中“情”的内涵

“情”是中国哲学中最基本的范畴之一,在中国传统之中具有非常重要的价值。与西方哲学侧重形而上的理论追求不同,中国哲学更主要关注的是现实的人,关注的是人的生存。而对于现实的人来说,情感则是其基本的属性。因此,“情”理应成为哲学所关注的核心问题之一。对于情感问题,中国哲学历来非常重视,传统中国哲学对于情感的问题作了非常详细的探讨,涉及情感的本源、发生、内涵以及意义、价值等诸多方面。主要从基本的中国哲学文献出发,试图对“情”所具有的哲学意蕴做一个概观性的把握,认为“情”在中国哲学传统中所具有的内涵包括本体义、价值义和境界义三个方面。

张载哲学的“太虚”范畴释义

“太虚”是张载哲学的核心范畴,关于太虚的诠释直接关涉着对张载整个哲学体系的理解。“太虚”一词取自道家,从先秦哲学到隋唐佛学,主要是在空间义和本原义两种涵义上使用的。在孔孟以来儒学不振的思想背景下,张载基于太虚的空间义和本原义,进一步赋予太虚以本体义,认为太虚是气(万物)得以存在的原因与根据。这样,张载就借重道家的“太虚”范畴建构起了儒家自己的本体论,以此才得以与佛、道“较是非曲直”。“太虚”范畴的这三重涵义表明,张载哲学中仍然存在着宇宙生成论向宇宙本体论演进的明显痕迹。

老子道论的现代分疏与解读

老子的道论是一个整体性的系统,其内在结构包括立道、遵道和修道三个层次。道概念分别有本原义、本体义、规律义、原则义、方法义和境界义,而有机地联系在一起。老子道论虽受历史条件限制,但至令仍是现代哲学与现代人的十分重要的智慧资源。

On“Posthumanism”

The label“posthumanism”identifies neither a doctrine,nor an intellectual or analytical approach with a defining set of protocols.Rather,we may take“posthumanism”as a term loosely applied to a range of contributions and approaches,on the basis of a generally under-specified collection of sympathies and commitments.Approximately stated,these sympathies and commitments would entail the claim that—with due allowance for historical variation—the category of“the human”has long played a key role at the centre of Western thought;that this role has included serving to justify the promotion of human beings above other forms of being,and indeed within this,over its history,the violent oppression of the great majority of human beings themselves;and that,in league with the effects of various recent technological developments,it is therefore important to decentre,relativize,critique,and perhaps even move beyond“the human”.In this article,I will accordingly not look to define the term“posthumanism”:rather,I will present some of the background to and influences on the range of contributions and approaches that have come to be assembled under this label;delineate two principles which may be discerned within these contributions and approaches;and consider some of the critiques which these“posthumanist”interventions have attracted.Ultimately,I will argue that the label itself matters less than the impulses behind the contributions it has come to identify.

王阳明“心”的意蕴

＂心＂在王阳明哲学思想体系中处于统领地位,是融通本体论、工夫论、人性论与道德论的范畴,具有本体义、准则义、主宰义与圆满义四重意境,领会、理解这四重意境,有助于真正进入和真切体会阳明哲学精神。

General ontology learning framework

In order to reduce the costs of the ontology construction, a general ontology learning framework （GOLF） is developed. The key technologies of the GOLF including domain concepts extraction and semantic relationships between concepts and taxonomy automatic construction are proposed. At the same time ontology evaluation methods are also discussed. The experimental results show that this method produces better performance and it is applicable across different domains. By integrating several machine learning algorithms, this method suffers less ambiguity and can identify domain concepts and relations more accurately. By using generalized corpus WordNet and HowNet, this method is applicable across different domains. In addition, by obtaining source documents from the web on demand, the GOLF can produce up-to-date ontologies.

Description logics for fuzzy ontologies on semantic web

To enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web, a new fuzzy extension of description logics called the fuzzy description logics with comparison expressions （FCDLs） is presented. The syntax and semantics of FCDLs are formally defined, and the forms of axioms and assertions in FCDLs knowledge bases are specified. FCDLs combine both fuzzy concepts from the fuzzy description logics （FDLs） and cut concepts from the extended fuzzy description logics （EFDLs） in the same theory. Furthermore, cut concepts are extended into comparison cut concepts in FCDLs to represent comparison expressions between fuzzy membership degrees, which are often used in practice but not supported by the other fuzzy extensions of description logics. FCDLs have more expressive power than FDLs and EFDLs, and are able to represent expressive fuzzy knowledge and to perform reasoning tasks based on them. Therefore, FCDLs can enable representation and reasoning for fuzzy ontologies with expressive fuzzy knowledge on the semantic web.

Semantic analysis approach for construction of OWL ontology

A semantic analysis approach is proposed, by which semantic relationships between concepts are identified and defined, and then mapped or transformed to OWL （web ontology language） ontology. The most common abstractions （namely, inclusion, aggregation and association） and their implication in ontology are discussed; then the OWL implementation for three abstractions are analyzed and illustrated. Taxonomies, constraints on properties for each class, and the relations between taxonomies in OWL ontology are established after all the semantic relationships are identified and described. This research is the basis for the development of the ontology conceptual model （OCM） and the mapping from OCM to OWL ontology.

论“本体”的三种含义及其现代混淆

中国古代的“本体”概念,原指本来的形体或存在,后指事物固有的(恰当)样式;可针对一切事物而言,不专对宇宙或万有全体,而且主要在“体用”意义上使用。这种体用义的本体概念,与近代以来学界普遍从宇宙万有的最高决定者、最后本质或终极实在角度所言之本体,有根本区别。中国古代的“道”“天理”“本无”甚至“良知”(心学中)等范畴虽然可按现代流行用法称为本体(宇宙或万有本体),然而在方法论上它们更接近于世界各大宗教中的本体概念,而未必可称为哲学意义上的本体。混淆三种不同的本体概念,即:(1)体用义本体、(2)宗教义本体、(3)哲学义本体,将中国古代的本体概念不加置疑地当成哲学义本体、并以此说明中国哲学特色,是现代中国学术接受西方学科体系时的错位,这从一个侧面反映了现代中国学术的困境。

Web services selection based on semantic similarity

Services discovery based on syntactic matching cannot adapt to the open and dynamic environment of the web. To select the proper one from the web services candidate set provided by syntactic matching, a service selection method based on semantic similarity is proposed. First, this method defines a web services ontology including QoS and context as semantic supporting, which also provides a set of terms to describe the interfaces of web services. Secondly, the similarity degree of two web services is evaluated by computing the semantic distances of those terms used to describe interfaces. Compared with existing methods, interfaces of web services can be interpreted under ontology, because it provides a formal and semantic specification of conceptualization. Meanwhile, efficiency and accuracy of services selection are improved.

Task-oriented web service discovery algorithm using semantic similarity for adaptive service composition

In order to achieve adaptive and efficient service composition, a task-oriented algorithm for discovering services is proposed. The traditional process of service composition is divided into semantic discovery and functional matching and makes tasks be operation objects. Semantic similarity is used to discover services matching a specific task and then generate a corresponding task-oriented web service composition （TWC） graph. Moreover, an algorithm for the new service is designed to update the TWC. The approach is applied to the composition model, in which the TWC is searched to obtain an optimal path and the final service composition is output. Also, the model can implement realtime updating with changing environments. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm and indicate that the maximum searching radius can be set to 2 to achieve an equilibrium point of quality and quantity.

Novel method for searching ontologies on semantic web

In order to solve the problem of information retrieval on the semantic web, a new semantic information retrieval （SIR） model for searching ontologies on the semantic web is proposed. First, SIR transformed domain ontologies into global ontologies. Then semantic index terms were extracted from these global ontologies. Based on semantic index terms, logical inferences can be performed and the logical views of the concept can be obtained. These logical views represent the expanded meaning of the concept. Using logical views, SIR can perform the information retrieval and inferences based on the semantic relationships in the documents, not only on the syntactic analysis of the documents. SIR can significantly enhance the recall and precision of the information retrieval by the semantic inference. Finally, the practicability of the SIR model is analyzed.

New automated ontology mapping algorithm

A new algorithm for automated ontology mapping based on linguistic similarity and structure similarity is presented. First, the concept of WordNet is turned into a vector, then the similarity of two entities is calculated according to the cosine of the angle between the corresponding vectors. Secondly, based on the linguistic similarity, a weighted function and a sigmoid function can be used to combine the linguistic similarity and structure similarity to compute the similarity of an ontology. Experimental results show that the matching ratio can reach 63% to 70% and it can effectively accomplish the mapping between ontologies.

Kullback-Leibler distance based concepts mapping between web ontologies

A Kullback-Leibler（KL）distance based algorithm is presented to find the matches between concepts from different ontologies. First, each concept is represented as a specific probability distribution which is estimated from its own instances. Then, the similarity of two concepts from different ontologies is measured by the KL distance between the corresponding distributions. Finally, the concept-mapping relationship between different ontologies is obtained. Compared with other traditional instance-based algorithms, the computing complexity of the proposed algorithm is largely reduced. Moreover, because it proposes different estimation and smoothing methods of the concept distribution for different data types, it is suitable for various concepts mapping with different data types. The experimental results on real-world ontology mapping illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Design and implementation of semantic search engine Smartch

To integrate reasoning and text retrieval, the architecture of a semantic search engine which includes several kinds of queries is proposed, and the semantic search engine Smartch is designed and implemented. Based on a logical reasoning process and a graphic user-defined process, Smartch provides four kinds of search services. They are basic search, concept search, graphic user-defined query and association relationship search. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional search engine, the recall and precision of Smartch are improved. Graphic user-defined queries can accurately locate the information of user needs. Association relationship search can find complicated relationships between concepts. Smartch can perform some intelligent functions based on ontology inference.

Thesaurus-based approach for building domain ontology with a case study of military aircraft prototype ontology construction

To alleviate the amount of work involved in constructing a domain ontology, starting with the base of an existing terminological-rich thesaurus is better than starting from scratch. With a case study of reengineering the Defense Science and Technology Thesaurus into a prototype military aircraft ontology, a four-phase thesaurus-based methodology is introduced and investigated, which consists of identifying the application purpose, overall design, designing in detail and evaluation. Designing in detail is the core step, converting the terms and semantic relationships of the thesaurus into an ontology and supplementing richer semantic relationships. The resulting prototype ontology includes 87 concepts and 34 relationships, and can be extended and scaled up to a full-fledged domain ontology in the future. Eight universal genres of relationships of this ontology are preliminarily summarized and analyzed, including equivalent relationships, approximate relationships, generic/abstract relationships, part/whole relationships, cause/effect relationships, entity/location relationships etc., and the normalization of semantic relationships is critical to the merging and reusing of follow-up multiple ontologies.

Ontology based approach of semantic information integration

In order to solve the problem of semantic heterogeneity in information integration, an ontology based semantic information integration （OSII） model and its logical framework are proposed. The OSII adopts the hybrid ontology approach and uses OWL （web ontology language） as the ontology language. It obtains unified views from multiple sources by building mappings between local ontologies and the global ontology. A tree- based multi-strategy ontology mapping algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is achieved by the following four steps： pre-processing, name mapping, subtree mapping and remedy mapping. The advantages of this algorithm are： mapping in the compatible datatype categories and using heuristic rules can improve mapping efficiency; both linguistic and structural similarity are used to improve the accuracy of the similarity calculation; an iterative remedy is adopted to obtain correct and complete mappings. A challenging example is used to illustrate the validity of the algorithm. The OSII is realized to effectively solve the problem of semantic heterogeneity in information integration and to implement interoperability of multiple information sources.

Study on association rules mining based on semantic relativity

An association rules mining method based on semantic relativity is proposed to solve the problem that there are more candidate item sets and higher time complexity in traditional association rules mining.Semantic relativity of ontology concepts is used to describe complicated relationships of domains in the method.Candidate item sets with less semantic relativity are filtered to reduce the number of candidate item sets in association rules mining.An ontology hierarchy relationship is regarded as a directed acyclic graph rather than a hierarchy tree in the semantic relativity computation.Not only direct hierarchy relationships,but also non-direct hierarchy relationships and other typical semantic relationships are taken into account.Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the number of candidate item sets effectively and improve the efficiency of association rules mining.