“双重脱嵌”:外源型草根NGO本土关系构建风险——以东北L草根环保组织为个案的研究

对国际NGO的资源依赖是中国部分草根NGO生存的现实状况。相关研究已经对国际资源促进本土草根NGO生存发展的积极影响做出了理论与实证的阐释,而对其潜在的负功能却估计不足。在对一个典型的外源型草根NGO的深入观察和研究中,我们发现,L组织的境外资源依赖状况十分显著,并潜在地作用于组织的治理结构、运作方式、行动策略等,呈现出了负面影响:一方面加剧了L组织与地方政府关系的疏离与排斥;另一方面制约了L组织与民间社会主体建立良性关系,使其陷入本土关系"双重脱嵌"的困境。这种"双重脱嵌"折射的是草根NGO面临的制度与资源的结构性问题。反思外源型草根NGO的资源依赖现象,揭示其本土嵌入的潜在制约问题,辩证地看待依赖国际资源的草根NGO所面临的普遍风险,对于思考和探索当前社会治理中的制度建设与组织创新具有重要的理论和现实意义。

越南归难侨的本土关系建构历程——基于广东小岭华侨农场的个案分析

本文研究于20世纪70年代末回国定居的越南华侨难民与本土社会的互动。作者选择广东小岭华侨农场越南归侨为个案,运用田野调查和历史档案资料,梳理越南归难侨的本土关系建构历程。本研究个案表明:安置政策与文化差异是影响越南归难侨进行本土关系建立的两大重要因素;小岭华侨农场越南归难侨的本土关系建构历程,大体上经历了从隔阂到友好的两个阶段。这一转变反映了越南归难侨逐渐适应并融入当地社会,并在一定程度折射出他们从寄居者向定居者转变的趋势。

本土关系营销情境中的消费者心理契约研究反思

消费者心理契约主要是指消费者对企业在与之交易过程中或关系维系过程中,在规范要求、人际互动及竞争提升的环境影响下,对企业必须承担的某些责任的感知,是"潜规则"、"惯例",属于"礼"的范畴。本土消费者心理契约主要包括三个方面:规范责任、人际责任和发展责任,其中人际责任受本土文化影响最大;结合消费者个性因素、企业因素和社会环境因素,消费者心理契约可以分成8种类型。消费者心理契约不同方面对顾客关系的维系作用机制存在较大差异。

本土化视野下的印度国际关系研究

国际关系不是一门美国的社会科学,而是一个全球性的学科,其首要任务应是它的科学性和解释性。但现状是西方,特别是美国拥有这个学科的学术霸权,这不可避免地将造成国际关系理论的贫困。随着“全球国际关系学”(Global IR)的兴起,广大的非西方世界开始呼吁打破国际关系知识生产的等级制,破除“中心—边缘”模式,掀起本土化国际关系研究的浪潮。作为正在崛起的大国,印度国际关系学者不再对西方的理论亦步亦趋,而是试图创造出印度特色的国际关系理论。在二十几年的探索和实践中,印度本土化国际关系研究取得了丰硕的学术成果,大致可分为三个主要流派,即史诗流派、考底利耶流派和新政事论流派,并带有三个明显的学术倾向,即非普世主义倾向、非殖民倾向和非道义倾向。这表明印度国际关系学者要从西方理论所设定的框架下自我解放出来,为印度国际关系研究的未来提供另一种知识。知识与权力往往具有同构和耦合的现象,印度的本土化国际关系研究实际上是印度崛起的一种理论反映,是印度地缘崛起的自然产物,反映了印度日益增长的政治野心和对西方霸权的不满,想要让世界听到印度崛起的声音。然而,跳出西方国际关系研究的窠臼并不容易,言“印度学派”还为时尚早。因此,对于印度国际关系学者的理论探索,人们既不应该轻视,也不应该忽视,而应该重视,并要认真研究其话语背后的政治渴望和战略意涵。

跨国公司在中国的本土化战略与中国本土企业的应对策略

中国已经成为许多跨国公司全球战略中扩张最快并最具发展潜力的市场之一。中国本土企业如何面对实力强大的跨国公司 ,在竞争中求得生存和发展 ,是中国加入WTO后迫在眉睫的一大战略任务。本文从跨国公司在中国的营销实践的角度分析了跨国公司的本土化战略 ,包括关系本土化、产品本土化、市场本土化、人员本土化以及研究本土化等竞争战略 。

A case study on behaviors of composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in a deep excavation

A complete case of a deep excavation was explored. According to the practical working conditions, a 3D non-linear finite element procedure is used to simulate a deep excavation supported by the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles in soft soil. The modified cam clay model is employed as the constitutive relationship of the soil in the numerical simulation. Results from the numerical analysis are fitted well with the field data, which indicate that the research approach used is reliable. Based on the field data and numerical results of the deep excavation supported by four different patterns of the composite soil nailed wall, the significant corner effect is founded in the 3D deep excavation. If bored piles or soil anchors are considered in the composite soil nailed wall, they are beneficial to decreasing deformations and internal forces of bored piles, cement mixing piles, soil anchors, soil nailings and soil around the deep excavation. Besides, the effects due to bored piles are more significant than those deduced from soil anchors. All mentioned above prove that the composite soil nailed wall with bored piles is feasible in the deep excavation.

Theoretical study on constitutive relationship of fiber reinforced polymer confined concrete

We proposed a bilinearity constitutive curve model of fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) confined concrete which includes a parabola in the first stage and a straight line in the second stage. The FRP-confined concrete has powerful confinement status and weak confinement status leading to different equations of parabola. We analyzed the impacts of factors such as confinement ratio and restrain stiffness on confined concrete compressive strength,ultimate strain and other control parameters through finite element analysis. The results show that the confinement ratio determines the confinement status,and the increase of the confinement ratio has a limited capacity to increase the compressive strength. The deformation of confined concrete is influenced by restrain stiffness. The stronger the restrain stiffness is,the less the lateral deformation is and the greater ultimate axial strain will be. The consideration of equivalent section coefficient kse is needed in the non-circular section confined concrete. We analyzed the results and proposed boundary values of strong and weak confinement styles,a peak/inflection point stress and strain model,and a compressive strength and ultimate strain model.

Theory of numerical modeling of constitutive relation for geotechnical materials

Under the direction of the principle of interaction between plastic volumetric and shear strains, the general expression of constitutive relation for geotechnical materials has been derived within the framework of irreversible thermo- dynamics. The constitutive modeling, in fact, is an inverse problem that belongs to the medium inverse problems of model identification, which is expressed as a reversion of coefficient of differential equation. Thus the constitutive modeling of geotechnical materials will become the reversion of coefficient functions of the general expression of constitutive relation, which is carried out in the stress field （p,q） by means Of numerical techniques, so that is called numerical modeling. Applying the numerical modeling, a number of plasticity-based models for clay and sand have been obtained, which are able to characterize the fundamental features of deformation for geotechnieal materials. In addition, the approach of numerical modeling also can be applied to the situation of unsaturated soils by means of the Bishop＇s effective stress formula and Khalili＇s expression of effective stress parameter.

A nonlinear multi-field coupled model for soils

A nonlinear multi-field coupled model for multi-constituent three-phase soils is derived by using the hybrid mixture theory. The balance equations with three levels (constituents, phases and the whole mixture soil) are set up under the assumption that soil is composed of multi-constituent elastic-plastic solid skeleton (which is different from the linearization method) and viscous liquid and ideal gas. With reasonable constitutive assumptions in such restrictive conditions as the principles of determinism, equipresence, material frame-indifference and the compatible principle in continuum mechanics, a theoretical framework of constitutive relations modeling three-phase soil in both non-equilibrium and equilibrium states is established, thus the closed field equations are formed. In the theoretical framework, the concept of effective generalized thermodynamic forces is introduced, and the nonlinear coupling constitutive relations between generalized dissipation forces and generalized flows within the system at nonequilibrium state are also presented. On such a basis, four special coupling relations, i.e., solid thermal elastic-plastic constitutive relation, liquid visco-elastic-plastic constitutive relation, the generalized Fourier’s law, and the generalized Darcy’s law are put forward. The generalized or nonlinear results mentioned above can degenerate into the linear coupling results given by Bennethum and Singh. Based on a specific dissipation function, the concrete form of generalized Darcy’s law is deduced, which may degenerate into the traditional form of Darcy’s law by neglecting the influence of skeleton deformation and temperature. Without considering temperature and other coupling effects, the nonlinear coupled model in this paper can degenerate into a soil elastic-plastic constitutive model.