本天与本心:宋明时期的儒佛之辨与朱王之争

程颐"圣人本天,释氏本心"之说在宋元明清时期影响颇大,成为这一时期分判儒佛的重要标志性话语。南宋朱熹、真德秀对程颐此说皆有引申讨论或进一步解说,但他们的讨论限于论儒佛之别。明代对阳明学不满的朱子学者罗钦顺、崔铣、黄佐、陈建等借程颐"圣人本天"之说抨击阳明心学滑入佛禅之"本心"。阳明本人及其亲传弟子对罗钦顺以"释氏本心"来攻击其心学主张没有太多回应,但阳明后学或有心学背景的学者对罗钦顺等人的批评有较为激烈的反击。就儒家而言,过于强调"本天"与过于强调"本心"可能都有所偏,本天与本心可以统一起来。"天"表示存在之统体、本体、主宰、义理,心为主体、灵明、知觉、思想,心与天通;但心与天也不能等同起来,以使得主体既不失能动性,又要有敬畏心,避免主体性、个体性的膨胀与傲慢。

多天线频谱共享CR-NOMA系统安全中断性能分析

认知无线电(CR)非正交多址接入(NOMA)网络(记为CR-NOMA)已是无线通信领域的研究热点之一。由于无线信道的开放性,使得无线网络的安全通信成为当前急需解决的问题。该文研究了频谱共享多天线CR-NOMA网络安全中断性能,首先分析了最优天线选择(OAS)方案的安全中断概率(SOP),并推导了其精确的闭合表达式。其次,分析了空时传输(STT)方案的SOP,并推导了其精确的闭合表达式。最后,对次用户两种方案的SOP渐近性能进行了分析,揭示了系统参数对SOP的影响。最后,采用Monte Carlo仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。研究发现,两种方案基站分别存在一个最优峰值发射功率,使得远距离次用户的安全中断性能最佳。仿真结果表明增大基站峰值发射功率,OAS方案的近距离次用户的SOP会始终优于STT方案,远距离次用户的SOP会劣于STT方案。

Ultimate pit optimization with ecological cost for open pit metal mines

The ecological costs of open pit metal mining are quantified, which include lost value of direct eco-services, lost value of indirect eco-services, prevention and restoration costs, and cost of carbon emission from energy consumption. These ecological costs are incorporated in an iterative ultimate pit optimization algorithm. A case study is presented to demonstrate the influence of ecological costs on pit design outcome. The results show that it is possible to internalize ecological costs in mine designs. The pit optimization outcome shifts considerably to the conservative side and the profitability decreases substantially when ecological costs are accounted for.

Duplicated appendix complicated by appendiceal cancer

A 37-year old male presented with an acute abdomen suggestive of an appendiceal perforation.Urgent laparotomy showed a duplicated appendix with one of the lumens involved with appendicitis and a focal periappendicular abscess while the other lumen had a localized appendiceal cancer.Recognition of congenital intestinal duplications in adults is important to avoid serious clinical consequences.

Study on Flexible Power Generation Device Using Piezoelectric Film

Various ocean energy technologies have been developed that harness several kinds of renewable energy resources of the ocean. However, these technologies suffer from problems such as high construction and maintenance costs, restrictive installation requirements and damage by extraordinary weather conditions. In this paper, we propose a lightweight and FPGD （flexible power generation device） that overcomes these problems. The FPGD essentially consists of piezoelectric films and silicon rubber. Because the FPGD is small and flexible, it is anticipated to efficiently convert fluid energy into electrical energy even when the fluid energy is low. We perform several experiments to confirm the effectiveness of the FPGD and we discuss the results.

Impact of Phase Noise on TDMS Based Calibration for Spaceborne Multi-Beam Antennas

For spaceborne multi-beam antennas(MBAs), time division multiplexed switching(TDMS) based calibration receiver can reduce implementation costs effectively and is very suitable for large-scale applications. However, in practice, random phase noise imposed by noisy local oscillators can cause significant performance degradation in TDMS-based calibration systems. Characterization of phase noise effects is therefore crucial for practical applications. In this paper, we analyze the impact of phase noise on the calibration performance for a MBA system. Specifically, we derive the relationship between the probability of correct amplitude/phase estimation and various practical factors involving the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), the standard deviation of phase noise, the given tolerance region, and the length of the spreading code. The results provide high efficiency for evaluating the calibration performance of the MBAs based on TDMS, especially for precisely anticipating the impact of phase noise. Finally, the accuracy of the derived results is assessed by simulations in different scenarios.

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

Optimization of drilling and blasting operations in an open pit mine——the SOMAIR experience

Drilling and blasting play vital roles in opencast mining. These operations not only affect the cost of production directly but as well and significantly, the overall operational costs. This research was carried out to find a possible way of optimizing the drilling and blasting operations in an open pit mine of Somair (Société des Mines de l’Air), in the Niger Republic. In order to optimize the drilling operation, the time taken by two drilling machines to accomplish the same task was analyzed statistically. The result indicates that the Down the Hole Hammer Drilling Rig (DMNo406) is more efficient than the Drill Master (DM405). The relative unit consumption of two explosives (Explus and Nitram 9), when used under the same operating conditions, were also considered and the results indicate Explus to be more economical per unit consumption with a range of 0.15 g/t–0.183 g/t, when compared with Nitram 9 with a unit consumption range of 0.19 g/t-0.24 g/t in the study area.

Mining truck scheduling with stochastic maintenance cost

Open pit mining operations utilize large scale and expensive equipment. For the mines implementing shovel and truck operation system, trucks constitute a large portion of these equipment and are used for hauling the mined materials. In order to have sustainable and viable operation, these equipment need to be utilized efficiently with minimum operating cost. Maintenance cost is a significant proportion of the overall operating costs. The maintenance cost of a truck changes non-linearly depending on the type, age and truck types. A new approach based on stochastic integer programming （SIP） techniques is used for annually scheduling a fixed fleet of mining trucks in a given operation, over the life of mine （multi-year time horizon） to minimize maintenance cost. The maintenance cost data in mining usually has uncertainty caused from the variability of the operational conditions at mines. To estimate the cost, usually historic data from different operations for new mines, and/or the historic data at the operating mines are used. However, maintenance cost varies depending on road conditions, age of equipment and many other local conditions at an operation. Traditional models aim to estimate the maintenance cost as a deterministic single value and financial evaluations are based on the estimated value. However, it does not provide a confidence on the estimate. The proposed model in this study assumes the truck maintenance cost is a stochastic parameter due to the significant level of uncertainty in the data and schedules the available fleet to meet the annual production targets. The scheduling has been performed by applying both the proposed stochastic and deterministic approaches. The approach provides a distribution for the maintenance cost of the optimized equipment schedule minimizing the cost.

A Beam Stabilization Algorithm Based on Nonlinear Observer for Low Cost Satcom-on-the-Move

A beam stabilization algorithm was proposed for low cost satcom-on-the-move （SOTM） to stabilize the vehicle-mounted antenna beam. The proposed algorithm utilizes the nonlinear observel to estimate the vehicle＇s attitude information based on inertial measurement unit. Then the estimated angles and angular velocities are used to stabilize the antenna beam. Experiment results show tha｜ the proposed algorithm can stabilize the antenna beam when the tracking information is available, indicating that it is competent to the SOTM system.

Ethical, Religious, and Psychological Aspects of Euthanasia： Qualitative Study of Japanese Roman Catholics

The main aim of this qualitative work is to explore the scope, nature of existing doubts, concerns, and objections, which arose in the mentality of selected groups of Japanese Roman Catholics, and to provide the typology of these findings. The method used in this research was based on specially devised questionnaires. This method aimed to collect qualitative data. The results obtained from questionnaires delivered in selected groups of Japanese Roman Catholics （Hokkaido prefecture） inform that there is a very deep gap between understanding of the concept of euthanasia and its acceptance/rejection. This investigation also reveals the hierarchy of values in the mentioned context. In conclusion, the concept of euthanasia is very often confused with so called ＂death with dignity＂ （Songenshi） and because of this fact it is not clear, what action is consistent with the religious doctrine and what is against. This confusion might be a crucial factor which determines the attitude towards rejection/acceptance/withdrawal from the decision concerning euthanasia in the group of Japanese Roman Catholics.

Calculation of slope-cover height under price fluctuation in open-pit mines

Leaving ditches between adjacent mining areas can effectively reduce re-stripping in the latter mining area and simultaneously lead to an increment in internal dumping costs in the former mining area. This paper establishes calculation models for these two marginal costs. The optimizing model for slope cover height can be determined by including marginal cost models in the objective function. The paper has two main contributions:(a) it fully considers redistribution of dumping space in the model;(b) it introduces price fluctuations and cash discounts in the model. We use the typical open-pit mine as an example to test and prove the model. We conclude that a completely covered slope is reasonable in Haerwusu open pit mine; in addition to an increasing price index, the slope cover height can be reduced; and that price changes are one of the most important influencing factors of slope cover height optimization in an open-pit mine.

Erasing the Asian Longhorned Beetle with Determined Actions, but at High Costs--A Case Report

In 2012, an infestation of Asian Longhomed Beetle （ALB） was detected in Winterthur （Canton Zurich, Switzerland）. With more than 140 adult beetles and several hundred eggs and larvae, the infestation was by far the most extensive in Switzerland. Based on long-term experiences made in Braunau （Austria）, where the first ALB infestation in Europe occured, the beetle was fought with extensive actions： removal of all infested trees, preventive removal of potential host trees and installation of a focus- and a buffer zone. Transport of plant material out of these zones was banned and a close monitoring regime including specialised dogs put in place. As a result of these efforts, there were no adult beetles and only a few living larvae detected 2013. Neither larvae nor beetles were found in 2014. However, costs are high： 700,000 Swiss francs were spent in 2012 alone, not including hundreds of working hours spent by employees of the Canton Zurich. The previewed monitoring programme between 2013 and 2017 is estimated to cost another 2.8 million Swiss francs, if no more living beetles are detected. The experiences from Winterthur thus show that elimination of a relatively small ALB infestation with determined actions is likely possible in short time. However, the high costs demonstrate the need for strong boarder controls or alternative packaging materials for imports from infested regions （China）. In addition, a concept for small communities with limited resources is needed.

Identifying Proper Names Based on Association Analysis

The issue of proper names recognition in Chinese text was discussed. An automatic approach based on association analysis to extract rules from corpus was presented. The method tries to discover rules relevant to external evidence by association analysis, without additional manual effort. These rules can be used to recognize the proper nouns in Chinese texts. The experimental result shows that our method is practical in some applications. Moreover, the method is language independent.

Ethnography of Catholic Youth Group： Dialogues and Experiences of Faith

This work analyzes the discourse and the practice of the youth from the Catholic Church （CC） in order to present experiences and dialogues present in contemporary Catholicism. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how Catholic groups work, in particular groups of Pastoral Youth and Charismatic Renovation prayer groups. As a result, observations are presented from an ethnographic work in groups identified with the spirituality of Liberation Theology and from charismatic ones. Besides, the text shows, from participants＇ experiences, the differences between both perspectives of religious living and the detachment and lack of dialogue which exists inside Catholicism.

Vegetation-environment Relationships Between Northern Slope of Karlik Mountain and Naomaohu Basin,East Tianshan Mountains

Based on data from 22 sample plots and applying the Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）, this paper discusses the vegetation-environment relationships between the northern slope of Karlik Mountain and Naomaohu Ba- sin, which is situated in the easternmost end of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. For the zonal vegetation, community diversity of mountain vegetation is higher than that of the desert vegetation due to environmental factors. The CCA ordination diagram revealed that the composition and distribution of vegetation types are mainly determined by altitude, soil pH and soil salt content. With increasing elevation, the soil pH and total salt content decrease but the contents of soil organic matter, soil water, total nitrogen and total phosphorus increase gradu- ally. In the CCA ordination diagrams, the sample plots and main species can be divided into five types according to their adaptations to the environmental factors. Type Ⅰ is composed of desert vegetation distributed on the low moun- tains, hills, plains and deserts below an elevation of 1900 m; type Ⅱ is distributed in the mountain and desert ecotone with an elevation of 1900-2300 m, and includes steppe desert, desert steppe and wetland meadow; type Ⅲ is very sim- ply composed of only salinized meadow; type Ⅳ is distributed above an elevation of 2300 m, containing mountain steppe, meadow steppe, subalpine meadow and alpine meadow; type Ⅴ only contains salinized meadow. The results show that with increasing elevation, species combination changes from the xerophytic shrubs, semi-shrubs and herbs distributed in the low altitude zone with arid climate to the cold-tolerant perennial herbs growing in the high altitudinal zone with cold climate.

Minimizing Environmental and Health Impacts in Developing Countries through Adoption of Sustainable Energy Options： A Case Study

An extensive review and analysis of the available global energy sources data and information from 38 countries including Pakistan, and their impacts （socio-economic, environmental, and health） shows that one of the most sustainable and environment friendly energy options （especially considering rural areas） is renewable energy （solar and wind）, while other options （in descending order） are hydro, nuclear and coal. The use of ＂oil and gas＂ as energy option is not cost effective due to its serious environmental, health and financial implications. The cost of producing 1 KWh of energy from oil and gas in Pakistan is around Rs. 20 （U.S. $ 0.19）, while the same costs for hydro power and coal are 1/10th and ~nd respectively. Appropriate and suitable energy options are proposed in view of the current energy situation, available natural resources （water, coal, wind and sun）, serious energy conservation efforts and efficient usage of available energy.

Potential of Cooperation on Oil & Gas Market in Northeast Asia

There is a great potential of both supply and consumption in oil ＆ gas market in Northeast Asia, and the prospects of further cooperation is very broad. Sino-Russia cooperation on oil ＆ gas will lay a crucial foundation for building a regional oil ＆ gas market, and an increasingly opened trading system for oil ＆ gas will also meet Japan and South Korea＇s need in building a diversified and stable assurance system of oil ＆ gas supply. The strategic role played by Kozmino Port in Far East Russia and Shanghai oil and gas trading platform in China will be highlighted. Competition and cooperation through market mechanism will help to activate the interactions of resource flow and capital flow in Northeast Asia region, thus can also help energy consuming countries in the region to promote their disclosure power in global pricing system and gradually eliminate the Asian Premium.

论孙奇逢道统思想的独特性

儒家道统思想自诞生之日始就自生"攻乎异端"的内争传统,至于宋明,程朱陆王二学旷日持久的正统之争,严重阻碍了儒学的健康发展。正是在这一历史语境下,明末清初的思想家孙奇逢深哀亡国之痛,抱定"明道救世"目的,回归先秦孔学,抉发"圣学本天"的思想资源,重新定义"理学"实是自尧舜至于明清的儒家学说。以此为出发点,重建"一致而百虑"的认知论,确立"明道"旨归,以"主辅"原则和"内外"原则为依据,重建涵摄汉唐经学和宋明心学的道统谱系,以此建构起"代各有人"的道统发展观。将道统建设引向摒弃内斗和相互包容的发展正途,为儒学通过自身健康发展来发挥正人心的社会功能开辟出可能性。

孟荀之间:罗钦顺思想的内在张力

将罗钦顺之学说归为理学或者气学,均存在一定的争议。罗钦顺思想的主体,是在宋明儒学话语体系内对孟子、荀子的核心观点作出诠释与回应。贵在“自得”的为学宗旨,促使罗钦顺勇于对孟子、荀子,乃至理学、心学做出全面而深入的批判与吸收。在消解理的形上实体含义之后,依旧保留理的本源性、秩序性,则是造成罗钦顺思想复杂性的直接原因。在人性论上,从“理即气之理”的原则出发,罗钦顺对“气与性一物”与“性即理”均持赞同态度。以阶段性论性,意味着孟子性善论适用于一气浑沦的理一阶段,荀子性恶论对应于成形之后的分殊阶段。因成形不可避免,故应就着现实的人性为善去恶,“复性”模式被摒弃。罗钦顺赋予荀学核心概念“礼”“法”以新的含义,礼代表上天意志在人类社会的贯彻实施,法代表人类社会对上天意志的思考、探索,二者共同构成“天人一理”中理的重要组成部分。而“本天”与“本心”的学术谱系划分,不仅显示出罗钦顺对孟、荀天论与心论的批判与综合,也内含了罗钦顺思想的结构性矛盾。